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TACTICS WITHOUT TEARS
‘You killed your first man at 13 Killer instinct,
Animal supreme By 16 you had learned to fight The way of the warrior, you took it as your right
Sunlight, falling
on your steel Death in life is your ideal Life is like a wheel, rolling on and on
Through earth and water, fire
and wind You came at last - nothing was the end Make a cut by fire and stones Take you and your blade and break you
both in two, break you both in two
Sunlight, falling on your steel Death in life is your ideal Life is like
a wheel - and it's rolling steel.’
Iron Maiden
The subject of tactics is one which has been studied in the martial
arts since the dawn of combat itself. A strong grasp of tactics can enable the weakest human to defeat the most powerful enemy,
and can give the critical edge between combatants who would otherwise be evenly matched in both strength and pure fighting
skill. It can even help a victim to get through when they are outgunned, outmatched and outnumbered; and in the truly combative
martial arts (as opposed to those which are mere sports or performance displays) students are asked to consider this worst
case scenario as the normal course of events in any fight.
Many of history’s greatest warriors and generals have given
advice on tactics through the ages. Even Machiavelli scribed his own Art of War, though this is obviously less well
read today than his hugely influential The Prince (which can be considered grand strategy rather than tactics; grand
strategy is however rarely a concern at the individual combat level.) Today, the most famous and well regarded classics of
tactics in the Chinese and Japanese martial arts (and frequently appropriated by trendy business executives, Hollywood agents,
hot shot lawyers like those on the television, and so forth) are The Art of War by Sun Tzu and The Book of Five
Rings by Miyamato Musashi.
Little hard biographical information (as opposed to hyperbolic anecdote)
exists on Sun Tzu. He is supposed to have been a general in the Wu state of China in the sixth century BCE, and therefore
a contemporary of Confucius. However, there is doubt that he existed at all and it has also been suggested that The Art
of War was written by other hands; the writing style and material of the book seem to place it in the fourth century BCE
rather than the sixth. One rumour regarding Sun Tzu suggests that he only turned to writing because his career in the imperial
court ended in ignominious failure with his feet cut off as a punishment. There is little to back this up, as is also the
case with other stories relating to Sun Tzu that are quite far fetched.
The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters which are Laying Plans, Waging War, Attack by Stratagem, Tactical Dispositions, Energy,
Weak Points and Strong, Manoeuvring, Variation in Tactics, The Army On The March, Terrain, The Nine Situations, The Attack
By Fire, and The Use of Spies. Many parts of these chapters have been extracted and extrapolated to relate to the martial
arts; one of the most famous being If you know both yourself and your enemy, you will come out of one hundred battles with
one hundred victories which is a condensation of the last verse of Chapter 3. Sun Tzu also agrees with many other writers
on tactics and martial arts throughout the ages in agreeing that it is better not to fight at all, with One hundred victories
in one hundred battles is not the most skilful. Seizing the enemy without fighting is the most skilful. Why this is true
will be discussed in detail later on, in case it is necessary to persuade the reader. Much of the remainder of the book is
of value to the martial artist, if by analogy rather than by direct instruction. The chief lesson that should be taken away
is that battles should be won with a maximum of expediency and with a minimum of damage to yourself, and if possible battles
should be best avoided altogether. This is true in all situations, from a street fight to a world war.
Far more biographical information (albeit inevitably tinged with myth)
is available on Miyamoto Musashi as he was, and remains, a Japanese national hero. He also lived much more recently with the
most likely dates for his lifespan being 1584-1645, though there is conjecture about the former. His legend holds him to be
the greatest swordsman of all time. His major contributions to the martial arts are founding the Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryu or
Nitu Ryu school of swordsmanship which still has training groups today, and writing the Go Rin No Sho or Book
of Five Rings which remains a widely read classic of tactics. Musashi fought his first duel at the age of thirteen, and
over sixty duels later he had never been defeated. Many of his duels were won by adroit use of tactics, including distracting
and (as it later would be called in modern argot) ‘psyching out’ the opponent by arriving deliberately late or
rushing them before they were ready. These were quite outside the normal, accepted format of duels at that time; those who
would cry foul at this point would be well advised to remember that Musashi achieved victory as a result. Breaking the format
of the expected situation will be seen to be a running theme in the tactics of surviving and winning, and those who would
object to this on the grounds of honour and fair play would perhaps be best advised to stop reading at this point as the position
is taken that these are the purview of sport, not combat. Musashi is said to have defeated one of his most famous opponents
by arriving over three hours late after a massive drinking binge and then hitting him on the head with an oar which he had
whittled into the shape of a sword on the way to the duelling island. Some of the details of this story are more believable
than others, as with much of his legend. Another trope suggests that Musashi never bathed in order that he might never be
caught out by an opponent. Since he was a regular guest in the homes of the highest-born and most influential Japanese, and
bathing and cleanliness were a ritual held to with the utmost strictness in those circles, this is unlikely. However, there
is never smoke without fire, and the man’s great skill and the applicability of his writing cannot be called into question.
Of all the honours heaped upon Musashi since his birth including the title of Best in Japan, innumerable lionising biographical
media and several places and items named after him, perhaps the greatest is being made the subject of a song by Iron Maiden
– Sun and Steel on the Piece of Mind album.
The Book of Five Rings, like The Art of War, is a classic text which continues to find a wide audience both within and without the
martial arts. The primary subject is fighting with Japanese swords but there is much that is generally applicable to tactics.
The theme throughout is that attractive techniques are unnecessary and all that matters is defeating the opponent, which should
be close to the heart of combative martial artists. The five divisions of the book are Earth, Water, Fire, Wind and Void,
the five elements of classical Japanese cosmology. The Earth book compares martial arts, leadership and training to building
a house. The Water book describes the basic principles of Musashi’s own sword-style. The Fire chapter discusses timing
and placing, and contains the often-quoted tactical dictum of keeping the sun behind you. The Wind chapter describes the weaknesses
of the other martial styles popular at the time, which is of course a popular pastime in the martial arts to this day. The
Void chapter contains comments on consciousness and the right mindset and is the most esoteric of the chapters. Coded statements
in the Void chapter have been said to mean that Musashi was an accomplished meditator and that he had opened the ‘third
eye’; while out of the reach of the averagely skilled combatant this is by no means unlikely. The Book of Five Rings
remains a manual that survives repeated reading, with every phrase being said to have multiple, equally applicable interpretations
which deepen in meaning with increased knowledge of the reader.
One important aspect of tactics which can be seen to be kin to Sun
Tzu can be summed up by a famous Shaolin dictum; I would rather maim than kill, hurt than maim, intimidate than hurt, avoid
than intimidate. Of course the Shaolins wished to live up to their Buddhist ideology, and a similar dictum in the Taoist
martial arts says strive to do no harm. More prosaically, following the Newtonian axiom of cause and effect and the
Biblical quote ‘If you live by the sword then surely you will die by the sword’ the more force you use the more
inclined the opponent, or their next of kin, is to seek you out and exact revenge. Which you might then feel obliged to avenge,
in an endless destructive cycle. This is still likely to be true in the modern world, but the student should also consider
the risk of jail. Increasing levels of bodily harm carry increasing classifications of serious crime, and the more damage
done the more likely the jury are to find against you in the criminal court and the more ammunition falls into the hands of
the ambulance chasers in the civil court. The wise student should seek to defend themselves only so much as necessary. This
should probably not extend to producing irreversible dim mak effects that only a skilled acupuncturist has any hope of reversing,
whether they can be picked up by forensics and Crime Scene Investigation or not. Bear in mind that such a skilled acupuncturist,
master chi manipulator or internal martial artist will be able to tell what’s been done, and from their lips your legend
will begin to grow – highly unlikely to any good end. It is to be hoped that one capable of such feats should be above
such things.
Conversely it has also been said that it is better to be tried by
twelve than carried by six. One of the first developments in human culture across all civilisations and cultures is the development
of a separate warrior caste. They would be set apart by larger builds, better education, more advantages, preferential treatment
and general rulership over the populace. Once hunter-gatherer societies, where everyone performs the same role, settle down
into primitive agricultural settlements a differentiation of tasks becomes necessary, and this usually results in the division
of society into castes, which were visible in India and Japan as little as a few centuries ago. They are usually divided up
into peasant farmers, warrior military-aristocracy, a priest-administrative class, an Untouchable (or Eta in Japan) class
who get the jobs no one else wants and who serve a function of societal scapegoat and the butt of venting of day to day frustration
and prejudice, and merchants or banking classes who are usually resented and despised because they have all the money. The
warrior caste tends to be one of the first to become differentiated as they are the most necessary to defend the newly settled
farming village from the other roving hunters who lack its riches, plus they are the most adept at bossing the others around.
At the same time that it arises a warrior code also springs up to temper its behaviour, whether chivalry, bushido or the drengskapr
of the Norse. Without this warrior code the caste would otherwise terrorise the populace, and there is a pragmatic reason
for it other than humane, economic or legal considerations; a knight, samurai or drengr who butchered too many peasants
would wake up one night to find his manor burning down around his ears. The more you tighten your grip the more peasants will
slip through your fingers. The warrior caste tends to be put out of business at a stroke and civilisation takes its next great
leap with the invention of powerful ranged weapons like the longbow or crossbow (of these, the former takes more training
but has more rapid fire. It is worth noting that bows that can be drawn back only to the shoulder are of little effectiveness
against a human warrior and can be used only for hunting) with which a peasant can shoot down a trained warrior born and bred
and schooled from the cradle with no chance of retribution. That, however, is another story.
In any case the warrior code of whatever nation is viewed with a certain
misty eyed lack of realism by many of its modern day fans. It has been said that the knights of old could sing each other’s
praises according to their own mad code of chivalry while trying to carve each others’ livers out, and the samurai were
just as happy to compose haiku and tanku on the spot on the subject of the cherry blossoms in the autumn sunset as the subject
of the rivers of blood flowing on the ground following the Battle of Sekigahara in which forty thousand heads were taken.
The knights and samurai are seen as noble and honourable by romantics today, while the Vikings are seen as vicious slavers
and butchers, possibly because Northern Europe bore the brunt of their depredations. However the Vikings had their own equivalent
code of drengskapr, while realistic history shows the samurai and knights to be just as bad. It is also worth noting that
their honour codes went out the window once it was time to actually get down to the brass tacks of battle, and this is a realistic
attitude which should survive today. While trying to avoid excessive and gruesome violence that will land them in jail, the
victim should also remember that their goal as an evolved sentient is to survive at any cost, and if they survive the first
few seconds of the fight then their chances of surviving the whole thing go up dramatically. In all times it can be seen that
the only honour in war is winning, and he who dies with the most honour still dies.
It is to be noted that Musashi, possibly the greatest martial artist
of all time, did what was expedient to win, and was accused of cheating even when he was outnumbered thirty five to one. Bearing
this in mind, when attacked by a group it is sound tactics to always go for the biggest opponent first and try to knock them
out as quickly as possible. Then, stare hard at the second biggest. This has several benefits, the first being the obvious
psychological intimidation factor plus perhaps the thugs will lack the will to fight without their leader, another being that
if you had attacked anyone else first, the biggest one would still have been around to cause mither anyway. Even if you fail
you will be no worse off. It is also worth noting that after trading a couple of blows many men will go into a clinch or start
wrestling out of fear. It is up to you how you wish to exploit this indication that the possibly fatal phase of the battle
has now past; in any case, it is likely to mean that the intention of the opponent to kill you has faded somewhat.
One important corollary of this is an infiltration of sport or competitive
arts into what might be considered more realistic combat. In the former it is common to block a blow and then strike another;
this obviously wastes time and in the internal arts it is more common to block a blow with a strike or turn a block into a
strike by sliding up the limb into the neck or face. However, in some arts a mentality creeps in where it’s possible
to allow the opponent ‘their turn’ to take a shot, which is then blocked, you strike and are blocked, then it’s
their turn again and so on. This is fatal in realistic combat, but can be exploited if it is found (though it is not especially
likely to be on the street) the student just has to take on board that in a proper life or death fight, it is never
their turn, and if you can hit them once you should hit them thirty times. It is for this reason that participating in competitions
is often discouraged for students of realistic combat arts. It can be argued that competition teaches a number of bad habits,
such as not being allowed to hit in certain ways or places, picking up inefficient tactics because they would impress judges,
or pulling blows so they don’t do any damage; these tendencies become unconscious and can become fatal in a real situation.
Wherever possible the student should attempt to consider whether they
are in danger or not, or how much, from the body language of their opponent. The Health and Safety Executive in its guidance
notes on violence at work and those going into threatening situations points out that violence rarely just starts off completely
at random; it is usually indicated by raised voices, stronger language, agitated behaviour and increased movement, possibly
even culminating in items being thrown and destruction to property and so on. The student should keep an eye on the situation
at all times and respond accordingly; the good student should always be able to tell when a fight is about to kick off in
a bar and who’s going to initiate it, at which point the best thing to do is to leave. It’s always possible to
find a new pub; it’s rather more difficult to find a new head. It is to be noted that animals in the wild rarely fight
in the same manner that humans do, as any injuries sustained are going to have a catastrophic effect on the beast’s
ability to find food. No welfare state is going to be available for it to patch up its injuries or give it sustenance, and
it will most likely die long before any wounds can heal. To this end, animals usually face off with elaborate rituals –
classically puffing themselves up or spreading fur or feathers to make themselves look bigger – resulting in one of
the antagonists breaking and running, at which point the winner keeps the territory or the upper hand. Other animals clash
with non lethal weapons such as horns or antlers, or sink teeth or claws into manes such as lions possess or other toughened
or invulnerable areas. Similar behaviour can often be seen in humans, particularly in schoolyards or nightclubs (sadly, the
addition of alcohol in the latter tends to result in more fatal damage.)
This can be exploited by the student if they wish to make a pre emptive
strike, at which point they are warned that the law (and any bystanders) will probably not look upon them too kindly. By using
body language and attitude that is completely unthreatening, submissive or victimised it’s possible to get in close
to the opponent and catch them off guard for a devastating blow. This is known as masking the attitude or wa. The classic
example of this is asking someone for a light while holding one or both hands up to them cupped as though to hold a cigarette.
This can easily be turned into a punch as soon as the victim shifts their attention, but more usually the hand is concealing
a knife. The student can exploit such techniques if they wish, or just use knowledge of them for their defence, but either
way must be careful. A variant on the above technique involves asking for the time followed by a sudden move inwards, a threat
of violence or brandishing of a weapon. Other methods include deliberate distraction by dropping something (money is very
effective) exploiting cultural conditioning by making a pleasant comment or compliment, offering to shake your hand or bowing,
then attacking, or asking a question (often on something completely innocuous or unrelated) and attacking while your conscious
mind is tied up with the answer or confused.
Bearing this in mind the student should seek not to exacerbate the
situation. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, in its guidance for those driving for work, suggests that when
confronted by a road rage sufferer one should stay inside the vehicle, not make eye contact and do nothing to encourage the
angry antagonist. There is a lot of truth in this and a furious person will expect and indeed want the other person to respond
to fuel their rage. If no eye contact is made or other aggressive response is offered it is possible (though this can’t
be depended on) that the rage will dissipate. To this end one of the most useful stances available to the student is to stand
with one hand under their chin or in front of their face and the other folded across the body with the hand under the elbow
(not in the crook of the elbow however as this ties it up). Do not make eye contact with the aggressor and appear to be simply
thinking or intimidated. This may defuse them, or if not it is very easily deployed into the taiji peng / hinge block ready
stance, which has both a high and a low guard in the centre of the body. This stance has the advantage that the hands can
be held open with the palms away from you, meanwhile you can be saying you don’t want any trouble or words to that effect.
Clenching fists, offering threatening language, responding to aggression, or worst of all going into a Jackie Chan or Bruce
Lee stance and bellowing ‘I KNOW KUNG FU!’ is not going to do anything to help the situation. Trying to appear
as non threatening as possible offers the most chance of defusing it, while being rapidly able to defend yourself offers the
most chance of survival.
It is often said that a battle should be fought on your own rules
and not those of your opponent. This can be obscure but can was often qualified in the olden days by saying, make sure you
stand so that the opponent has the sun in their eyes. In the modern day, an equivalent might be make sure you stand where
you can see any potential assailants in the back bar mirror so you can see whether a fight is about to kick off, or if it
has whether anyone is about to break a chair over the back of your head. It’s possible to extend this concept therefore
to include using the geography of the situation to your advantage. Always ensure where possible that opponents can attack
you only one at a time – manoeuvre yourself into a doorway, a corridor, or onto a flight of stairs, which also gives
the advantage of height. Position tables and chairs between opponents and yourself. Try to get them to slip in water, mud,
caffeine or alcohol. Neon lights and patches of darkness can also be exploited.
Perhaps the most important detail of hand to hand tactics which the
student might take on board is the notion of ranges or distances; these are often referred to as circles. Simply put,
how far you are away from the opponent affects what weapons you can bring to bear on one another, and the circles have been
conceived of to describe this. It should be self evident that the various means of attack available to the human body can
be extended different distances from the spine and are therefore most effective at different ranges. The circles used to simplify
this vary depending on the art, and whether the art prefers long range or short range engagement (some even eschew both in
favour of grappling and ground fighting, but the circles are used primarily for striking arts). There are usually three circles
(it will be seen that the limbs have three main striking points each) and the simplest differentiation is punches, kicks or
out of range altogether. Kicks can be considered longer range than punches where the art uses high kicks above the knee, and
two sword lengths is generally thought to be the range at which you are completely safe from an opponent, as even the most
ferocious of leaps, lunges or slap steps cannot clear this in one go.
A more complex definition of circles comes from a concept known as
the seven stars, inspired by the Big Dipper constellation observed by the hobbits in the Lord of the Rings. This theory holds
that the human body has seven striking points (it will be seen that according to the collapsing principle there can be more
however) which are feet, knees, hips, hands, elbows, shoulders and head (which double up to fourteen, or thirteen to be strictly
accurate.) Xingyi also has a principle of six harmonies, the components of which are that the feet harmonise with the hands,
the shoulders harmonise with the hips, the elbows harmonise with the knees, the heart harmonises with the intent, the intent
harmonises with the qi, and the qi harmonises with the power. This version of the circles therefore states that the outer
circle is punches and kicks. In an art in which no kicks are aimed above the knee, kicks and punches are held to be the same
range. Also bear in mind that it has been said that if you kick above the knee while facing a skilled opponent you will almost
certainly lose your genitals. The middle circle is then the knees and elbows and the inner circle is the head, shoulders and
hips.
Circles can also be used to gain an advantage over an opponent by
shifting the circle that has to be used by forcing a change of distance. For instance, to defeat a kick it’s possible
to step inside the range of the attack where the force is negligible (a rule of thumb following on from this holds that groin
kicks should not be blocked but taken on the thigh, which necessitates a step forward; the thigh is never going to hurt as
much as the other unpleasant consequences). Conversely if you are comfortable with kicking high and the opponent isn’t
familiar with the family jewels removing counter attack stay out of range and kick away at them. This can also be adapted
if you are very competent to facing an armed opponent. For instance, a club, stick or staff is an exclusively long range weapon
as it can generate very little force close in without space to swing it (unless the opponent has particularly brilliant fa
jing skills, in which case the tactics necessary to win such an altercation are sadly beyond the scope of this article). Therefore
step inside the stick’s range and hammer away. For particular audacity grab onto the stick to keep it out of harms’
way and hit the opponent with the close range items of the seven stars. Much the same applies to a sword or axe; both of these
need to be swung for full effectiveness, and a sword needs to be a blade length’s away before it can be stabbed with.
Bear in mind that both weapons have edges, however, and a skilled opponent will still use them to cut you, particularly with
a sword where the majority of it is edged. It is relatively easy (though obviously still lethally difficult) to keep the head
of an axe away from you, but after stepping inside the circle of a sword you had better deal with the opponent quickly.
A knife or dagger is primarily a short range weapon and keeping outside
of the range of it can be done. However its strength is its speed and ease of manoeuvrability; unlike the other weapons it
can be brought in, and used effectively, close to the body and its range can also be switched relatively quickly. Knocking
the knife out of the opponent’s hand tends to be an incredible fluke which is not easily repeated, even in the dojo,
and the student would be exceedingly unwise to rely on this. Most knife defence hinges on getting inside the knife range and
then immediately following with a devastating fa jing strike. There are no second chances in knife fighting as there might
be with fist fighting. It has been said that even the most skilled fighter has only a twenty percent chance of survival against
a knife. Mistakes cannot be made, and in real life you can’t go back and load the last save game.
In the recent past some low quality martial arts schools used to offer
some positively dangerous types of knife defence, though fortunately the majority have now stopped, having been exposed to
the derision of their more competent colleagues. These unreliable techniques involved getting a lock or hold on the knife
arm, performing some elaborate manoeuvrings to get the opponent on the ground or immobilised, and then possibly trying to
take the knife away. This tends to only work in the dojo when the uke is standing there passively with a rubber or wooden
knife letting the tori do the technique and not doing anything else (this is all right however when beginners are being shown
basic techniques and are not ready for anything more advanced and realistic, but it must be stressed that it is a training
aid only). Even simple bio mechanics should convince the observer that the knifer should be able to cut the defender easily
simply by moving their hand, the defender is already close to the edged blade and can do little or nothing to keep it away
from them, and in real life the typical mugger or crack addict is going to go berserk and hack away at your arteries the moment
any contact has been made. It has been said in the internal arts that locks and holds do not work, at least not unless some
effort has been made to knock the assailant halfway out of consciousness towards spark out, and it can be observed that locks
and holds are primarily used in the sport-orientated competitive arts of Brazilian jujitsu, mixed martial arts and what is
pejoratively called ‘cage fighting’ when life and death are not the aim but injuries still occur quite frequently.
Locks and holds are also used where the primary goal is not to cause damage to the enemy, and while there are martial arts
where this is the goal these techniques have also found their expression in the restraint and guidance methods used by police,
security forces and bouncers, where any damage to the civilian will result in a claim as surely as night follows day. However,
these situations tend not to be life or death by their very nature and the student should consider the applicability of any
given technique to a particular situation.
On a final note, no amount of tactics will defeat a pistol and no
technique can be performed faster than an assailant can pull the trigger. Any hope of surviving such an encounter is in the
realm of psychology, not tactics – and a big golden shiny wire of hope.
An enhancement of the circle theory is the collapsing principle. This
exploits the collapse points of the human limb formed by its points of articulation; they can be used with forward or angular
momentum to result in multiple unblockable attacks on the opponent. For instance, if a punch is blocked, continue forwards
into the opponent and hit them with an elbow; if they dodge your kicking foot bring up your knee and hit them with that. This
can be used for multiple combinatorial attacks like the ones off beat em up games. For instance, hit the opponent with an
uppercut then with an upwards rising elbow, then reverse this to give a back fist. Or, in a move that has been immortalised
in several classical taiji forms, turn an elbow strike into a shoulder strike with no loss of power and momentum. For convenience
the points of articulation are replicated here. The leg has only three that are useful (at least in an environment where most
people wear shoes. Some have developed their toes to the point where they can throw sand and rocks into their opponent’s
eyes, but this tends not to be terribly useful in most street brawls. It might be worth considering in a beach bar next time
a fight breaks out.) However the arm has multiple points which are described here. The most extended points are the tips of
the fingers, best deployed for soft areas like the throat or acupuncture dim mak points. The second point is the second knuckles,
referred to as the short (or long) fist. The third is the basic fist which most Westeners will be familiar with, this gives
the most potential for not breaking bones in the hands, fingers or wrists if you get it wrong. Next is the palm strike, either
the whole of the palm or just the heel. Many people, particularly some women, find palm strikes easier than punches, and in
many respects they are superior but just not as recognised. At the same collapsing distance is the back of the wrist, this
is best used for glancing blows to areas like the side of the neck. It is also known as the turtle’s head, at least
to those who don’t read Viz or listen to the Macc Lads and who would otherwise collapse in fits of laughter and be swiftly
defeated by the enemy. Next is the elbow or short wing, and finally comes the shoulder.
One vital point to remember about ranges is the timing with which
they can be deployed. It is worth noting that long range strikes such as those deployed in the outer circles typically take
hundreds of milliseconds to deliver. With these timings it’s possible for humans to react using visual stimuli and thus
the conscious mind. Thus, at this range it’s possible to feint, of which the student needs to be aware. At the short
range the time of strikes becomes much less and it is no longer possible to react with visual stimuli or the conscious mind.
At this point tactile stimuli and reflexes must be used (and trained for this eventuality). In some cases the biological trick
of feedback, which can be observed on contact with a hot object, is used; the limb jerks out of the way without the signal
getting to the central nervous system. It is this skill which the disciplines of push hands and chin na teach, while sparring
usually only addresses the challenges of long range combat.
The science and art of tactics are also studied under the aegis of
the Japanese discipline of shinkengata, which translates as realistic combat, deliberately set apart from competitive
sport or even low level training. One aspect of this which become important is that in a generally threatening situation,
the human heart rate will increase. There are two main considerations which must be taken into account regarding this; the
first being that it is physiologically impossible to distinguish between the results of various emotional states, such as
fear and excitement. The conscious mind therefore has a choice as to how it responds to the reactions of the body, so the
student should make sure that they do so positively – thinking that it is a good way for them to resolve the situation
without bloodshed or a blow being struck or that they are sure that they will get out alive, rather than panicking and assuring
themselves that they will die soon or swearing to take many foes with them. The second is that at higher heart rates it is
more difficult to make use of basic motor skills, so the more effective and complex martial arts abilities become useless
and the highly trained student is reduced to wild swings and bludgeoning. This is why students are always encouraged to relax,
or to remain soong, to ensure that their abilities remain unsullied. They are also exhorted to breathe, as another
immediate reaction to a difficult situation is that the human starts to hyperventilate or at least breathe more shallowly
and higher in the chest. Students are always admonished to lower and control the breath to ensure that they are fully effective.
It is also worth noting that fights tend to proceed in distinct stages,
a hold over from earlier stages of evolution in which mammals would face off against each other, with each stage only being
progressed to if neither party has backed down. To reflect this, altercations usually begin with a staring contest between
the parties to see who can gain the upper hand (it is due to this that students were advised not to make eye contact in the
earlier paragraphs). If there is no resolution the conflict will usually progress to a vulgar display of power, with threats
and abuse. If threats and abuse are returned, conciliation is not made or no one is the clear winner then the next stage is
rushing up to the person, often including pushing, shoving and prodding. Subsequently there are light blows or slaps or other
aggressive contact followed by a degeneration into serious, full on battle. There are generally two ways out of this, the
safest being to offer no response, attempt to calm the adversary or, if you are certain that it will defuse the situation
and no further harm will be caused, offer noises of backing down. If it is by no means certain that the aggressor will leave
you alone no matter what you do another, more dangerous strategy is to let the antagonist play the game for a while and then
jump a step without warning, hopefully shocking or frightening them enough to dissuade them from further hostilities. At this
point however it is likely that they will feel intimidated, they will feel that they have lost face, they will be upset at
having lost particularly if there was an audience to impress, and so it is entirely logical in the mind of the typical thug
that they need to regain kudos by getting revenge. Feeling themselves beaten once there will be no compunction against attacking
from behind or using environmental objects such as glasses or chairs. It is generally safer to offer the bully their petty
victory rather than risk serious and disfiguring injury.
It is also possible to separate out different types of aggressor.
The first is the alpha male type, which sort of fight can be seen in any nightclub or chip shop particularly after the pub
shuts. These are people who perceive a threat to their superiority resulting in a possible loss of face, so feel the need
to regain it by besting the intruder. Unfortunately based on your appearance and behaviour you are likely to be singled out
as a threat or not, particularly when alcohol and the mating rituals typical of Broad Street and the other cattle markets
of the cities of the world are taken into consideration. In many cases it is better to be invisible then invincible –
and the former is rather more likely to be approached.
The second is the robber or rapist, who wants something other of the
victim than just to defeat them in battle. These people will invariably select victims who do not look likely to offer them
any serious opposition and it has been proven by police psychological profiling that this is most likely to be body language
than anything else and is not always down to conscious decision (ironically, the same ‘look’ that means you are
likely to be targeted by an alpha male means you are unlikely to be targeted by an opportunist). It also helps if the victim
looks affluent, in possession of cash, attractive, distracted or unaware of their environment. Quiet, scarcely populated areas
with good opportunities for escape are also prime targets, so it is usually best to avoid dark alleys and other unpleasant
spots in cities. If you find that you have failed to avoid being chosen as a victim on any given occasion, then a value judgement
needs to be made as to whether they will be happy with your money and will refrain from doing anything more unpleasant; in
which case the financial loss is likely to be negligible compared to the consequences of aggravating the situation by not
cooperating. In this case do not do anything which might increase their level of violence to you bearing in mind they will
likely be panicked or intoxicated, such as moving slowly, reassuring them and not focussing attention on their weapon, if
any. It is rarely possible to be so sure you will escape unscathed simply by handing over the money, however, and if faced
by any worse threat then you must defend yourself; which can be done by playing the victim and suddenly attacking or attempting
to gain distance and find some available weapon, or simply escaping.
The third is the seasoned fighter, who hopefully will not also fall
into categories 1 or 2. All that can be done here is remember your training and resign yourself to the fact that you will
get hit. It is for this reason that high level training does include being hit, as people are generally more affected by the
initial shock than the results of any injury sustained if they are not used to it, and in some practise regimes people attack
with relatively great force while ensuring that the other party is wearing armour to ensure that they become used to being
hit and can react appropriately. To stay alive you must avoid being shocked and keep moving and fighting.
The fourth is the planned attack, which may, or may not, also fall
into category 3. The best way to avoid this is to avoid leading the sort of lifestyle which inspires people to jump you in
the first place, which may or may not be difficult depending on your character. The only other way to avoid it is to not have
any routines in your life, which is quite tricky for most people who go to work or recreation or nutrition at the same times
and places each week. There is however a natural human ability to be aware of attacks coming from behind; it is said that
this can be enhanced by circuit 5 activation (a concept from the eight circuit model of the brain) or there are martial arts
where blows from the rear are trained for, which increases the ability to cope with them effectively. Again, though, all else
that can be done is to remember your training.
The art of tactics is one that cannot readily be ignored by even the
weakest or strongest fighter, as it can be used for or against both to enable them to either win or lose, no matter their
opponent or the situation. In their quest to enhance their grasp of the subject the student can seek out the most ancient
scrolls or the most modern videos, and train in any number of arts at any level and attempt to simulate any situation. Still,
only one universal truth remains; existence is not a computer game, and you only get one life and no save points.
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CHOOSING NOT LOSING
There are those in the martial arts field, as in all others, who view
the past through spectacles that are possibly too slightly rose tinted. According to the prevailing social demographic at
the time, it was likely you lived in a small village and never stepped outside the boundaries from the day you were born until
the day you died. One day you might be visited by a passing martial arts master, one of those who made it their life’s
work to teach and travel, and they might take you on as a student. You might then be shown san ti, or one zhuan zhong posture,
or instructed to walk round in circles, after which the master moved on. They would most likely not visit for several years
(during which time they would travel to other students in other villages) and for the next several years you would stand in
that posture or walk around in that circle, particularly because you didn’t know what the next part of the martial art
was. In several years’ time, when the martial arts master came back, if they found you hadn’t practised they’d
just move on to the next village; of course if you were a diligent student they would teach you the next piece. However it
was most unfortunate if the Manchurians or the Golden Horde or some time lost band of Vikings attacked the village inside
of those several years in which your art had little combative application, and it was due to this fact that villages evolved
their own homegrown styles. All the inhabitants for generation on generation would have compulsory daily training in this
indigenous style, and usually only scholars were let off. It was such a village style that legend has it Yang Lu Chan learned
when he gained entry to the Chen village, subsequently to adapt it to his own family style.
Those who indeed view the days of yesteryear with perhaps an unrealistic
shade of nostalgia and optimism usually also deplore many of the trends of the modern age. In these days people are not usually
content to stand in san ti or zhuan zhong or walk round in circles for several years because they can go on Youtube or Wikipedia,
watch the video or read the article, and then want to learn whatever they’ve just seen or read about. Conversely it
is also the case that a fight is as much, if not more, likely to break out at the local boozer today (whether Shankill Road
Belfast or Sutton Road Walsall) than in the northern part of China in the days of Ghengis Khan or Ragnar Lodbrok.
True Taoism which has its own martial arts in the modern world (as
do most other cultures) considers instead that no time, place or given situation is any worse or better than any other because
all have their advantages and disadvantages. One can choose to be Leipniz, Nietzsche or Schopenhauer, one can choose to be
Eeyore, Jack or Pollyanna. Choosing is an act of will. However, to choose effectively and efficiently, the will needs intelligence.
It might perhaps be true above all other statements that the modern newcomer to martial arts is faced with more choice than
ever before. Any adult education service of any town or county will offer large numbers of martial arts, any street anywhere
in the world can offer at least one, and major cities can offer a full gamut running into the triple figures. And so, to make
their way through this bewildering labyrinth, the beginner might ask themselves one question: what do they want?
The first group of questions leading to choice should perhaps be purely
administrative. For instance, what time does it start. Some arts and teachers are stickier on this point than others; some
will allow students to come in when they can while otherwise will impose militaristic punishments such as pushups per minute
late, or perhaps even seconds. The beginner should carefully consider their other time commitments and see what they have
available. Some may prefer morning, afternoons or evenings of weekdays and some may prefer weekends. The arts are meant to
be an enhancement to, not a subtraction from, human lives. The beginner should also consider how long it lasts. As well as
whether the classes will eat into their other time commitments their physical fitness and endurance may be called into question
(some arts may challenge this more than others) as well as their boredom threshold or their ability to absorb information.
Cost should also be a consideration to the beginner. As a start they
should consider their disposable income but also they should consider how much they are prepared to spend; perhaps if they
are spending more than they actually make they should seriously consider the value of what they are actually learning. They
should take care to note any other costs; insurances might be considered sensible, but regular level hikes might not be. Above
all else in this article the aspirant will be most earnestly warned against those whose ultimate goal is not to teach martial
arts but to defraud the public of money; beginning students especially must be careful.
What most usually signifies the practise of the martial arts above
all else to the uninitiated is apparel, and what usually symbolises the martial arts above all other things for the uninitiated
is uniform. It is not however the case that all martial arts require uniform; in some uniforms are indeed de rigeur but in
others they are anathema. Why each martial art should go one way or another is a difficult matter based partly in tradition,
partly in culture and partly in psychology but ultimately, the beginner will have to consider whether they want to wear a
uniform or not and how much this is likely to influence their decision. Some will not want to get their regular clothes dirty
or damaged and find that getting suited up focuses their minds on learning and the task at hand while others will not want
to defray the cost of a special suit, or find that spouses, parents, carers or significant others complain about why they
have to have their ‘karate suit’ washed so often (or might not want to do it themselves.) Most people will however
want to ‘fit in’ and not be seen to stand out, whether wearing uniforms where no uniforms are normally worn, or
vice versa. The beginner should however beware of the club or organisation which specifically makes them buy a given quantity
of their own clothing prominently emblazoned with brands, names and logos – particularly if the gear can be brought
from no where else, and especially if the price hike is significantly greater than similar (or in many cases identical) clothing
which can be bought from high street sports shops, open markets or the web. This is a cynical money making exercise and is
to be avoided at all cost (however, if gear with logos is available but is not compulsory but simply there for people
to purchase, this is a different matter as students might just want this to remind them of their yearly course away, or whatever).
It is worth noting that uniforms in most martial arts are traditional only and as such are quite simplistic. In most cases,
coloured white the same suit, available in a generic product from innumerable companies, is suitable for karate, judo, jujitsu,
aikido and various others. The same suit coloured black is suitable for ninjutsu, kobudo and various others again. In most
cases wearing a store bought basic variety will not be objected to, and the student should be encouraged to wonder why they
might be being harassed into buying ‘our’ gear. On a final note it is worth being aware of an unwritten rule not
to wear one school’s uniform to another’s classes; unless it is one of the generic variety which doesn’t
have a logo, it is considered disrespectful to the masters.
The beginner should also consider whether they have to be at a particular
standard of health. While in most martial arts there is a progression as to the physical difficulty of the exercises carried
out, it is indeed the case that some arts are more demanding than others. While most people in reasonable fitness can study
most martial arts successfully (at least after the last twenty pints or five packs of cigarettes have been coughed up) it
is when individuals have a physical infirmity or a serious, long standing injury that care needs to be taken in choosing the
art. It is worth noting that some arts have an emphasis on physical therapy and gentle healing techniques, while others are
going to have a large proportion of rigorous fitness training and all out combat. Someone with a serious injury or infirmity
had better take care to choose the former, as attempting to get on with the latter is likely to lead to a bad experience all
round. Conversely, someone whose taste is for circuits and punching and kicking things is likely to be bored and frustrated
with hand waving and chi gung. It is also important to be aware that some arts will specifically devote time to attempting
to treat or help people with injuries and infirmities and consider it part of everyone’s training and development to
do so, whereas others will simply not know what to do in these cases as it’s outside everyone’s experience; or
worse, consider such a person a liability or inconvenience. Someone specifically looking for specialist help and physical
therapy should carefully consider how they are reacted to, and treated when they walk through the door.
A prosaic piece of information that may seem too obvious to even mention
is where’s the class. However, the student should carefully consider their journey time. Most beginners will not want
to travel too far on a regular basis and for basic skills they should not have to. Aspirants attacking the higher levels should
seriously be considering travelling all around the world in search of the highest levels of instruction, but such considerations
are outside the scope of this current article; in any case, even they are going to be concentrating on practising (and likely
at that level, teaching) the basic skills the majority of the time and long journeys are likely to be less frequent in number.
Beginners who will be regularly practising the entry level disciplines should be able to find frequent instruction close to
home. It is not unusual for people to travel for a time equalling the entire length of the class or even longer to get there,
then whereas some might get digs and attend another class the next day or travel back in a leisurely fashion some even go
all the way back again right afterwards. However, the beginner may want to consider that doing this on a regular basis is
likely to detract from the entry level skills early on; and the martial arts are not so rare at the beginning position that
they should have to.
Another artefact of the martial arts that perhaps can seem daunting
to the uninitiated if the majority of their experience has come from the television is etiquette. It is however worth noting
that those who have just walked through the door are unlikely to be expected to know arcane facts and modes of behaviour that
only a complete cultural immersion is likely to give. In more traditional martial arts where weight is indeed placed on such
considerations, then as well as not being held to them right off the bat beginners are also likely to be readily directed
to information whereby they can learn, particularly in the modern information technology era where frequently asked questions
files can be readily downloaded, printed and copied. Indeed, where thorny points of etiquette are rigorously enforced and
proliferate to the point where one might be expected to have a master’s degree in the history of the originating land
before one could be expected to remember them all or the rules seem frankly bizarre and arbitrary, the beginner is encouraged
to question what need is being met by this or what purpose is being served. If they are led to the conclusion that the only
need is to assert the otherwise phantasmical authority and stroke the ego of the sifu or sensei (or worse, sigung or master
or shidoshi; given that such titles don’t just come out of cornflake packets, the beginner should research their authenticity
carefully) or put down the students and keep them under the thumb then it’s wise to go elsewhere.
One consideration that might be important is what standard are the
other students at. It is often said that any class will die without beginners; conversely, if a class is entirely made up
of beginners, if they are all at different levels then administration is likely to become rather difficult. However, most
people would find it uncomfortable to be at a significantly lower level than everyone else present (unless they are on a seminar
circuit, in which case they are probably not stark beginners to start with) and being the only white belt when everyone else
wears black is a daunting prospect. In most cases though classes are usually anxious to attract beginners and will advertise
themselves as such; in most cases they will be delighted to have new blood on board. The only time beginners are unlikely
to be welcome is at particular advanced classes where a given skill set will be taught that would be impossible for the uninitiated
to get anywhere with; however, these will also be advertised as such and will probably not be advertised to the public in
any case, or at least anywhere that the beginner is likely to come across them. In these cases, the effort is usually made
to keep all but senior students away, and elaborate entry requirements are laid out which may, or may not, be rigidly enforced.
The final question therefore following on from the above is are beginners
welcome at all. As described above, it is most likely that they will be in almost all classes, and those catering only to
the higher levels are not likely to be in the milieu or geographical locations that the uninitiated are likely to come across;
rather than local residents going to local sports centres, community centres or church halls, the closed door sessions are
likely to include delegates from huge organisations usually coming from hundreds of miles away. Still, if it is a question
that particularly troubles the beginner it cannot hurt to ask.
After the administrative considerations of choosing a martial arts
class, it is also important to consider the type of martial art. Currently there is a bewildering plethora available for the
beginner, and while they are indeed very adequately explained on Wikipedia and demonstrated on Youtube these mechanisms are
perhaps most useful for those who know what they’re looking for and are searching for additional information. For the
stark beginner, the variety can be baffling.
A useful jumping off point is the geographical point of origin of
the martial art in question. Currently martial arts are available from all over the world, with recent surges in popularity
for those from Brazil, Korea and the Phillipines. However, the majority of martial arts in the public eye and those most readily
available come from China and Japan. It is at this point that websites like Wikipedia and Martial Arts Register can become
useful, as they often group descriptions by country as well as by the other characteristics that will be discussed further
on. Often the geographical location is broken down further within the nations; for instance, hard style kung fu is said to
come from the Shaolin temple in China, xingyi, bagua and taiji are said to come from the Wudang hills (also in China) ninjutsu
is reputed to originate from the Iga and Koga provinces of Japan, and Okinawan karate comes from that particular Japanese
island. If a student has a particular interest in a specific country, especially if they are also studying the history, culture,
anthropology or language, then they might consider immersing themselves in an indigenous martial art as well. However, for
the serious student the technical aspects of the martial art are likely to overwhelm its geographical origins as a consideration.
It is worth noting that there are many indigenous European martial arts which are studied to this day, though admittedly they
are in the minority. The reason for this is that once firearms were invented the populace of Europe converted all out to their
mass manufacture and started gleefully shooting each other and abandoned beating each other up. It is often archly and pretentiously
said that this didn’t happen in the East because they had too much respect for each other to merely gun each other down
at a distance, thus they carried on with their noble martial arts traditions and expressed a preference for killing each other
with bare hands instead. It is however more likely that the fact that firearms grade steel is far more plentiful in Europe
than in the East has more to do with this particular social development.
Another basic differentiation between the martial arts, one which
is generally considered more of a ground level difference than geographical origin (as all nations have variations of both
forms, to greater or less degree) is whether they are hard and soft. These are terms which are more difficult to pin down,
but one consideration is that hard style martial arts tend to be more offensive in intent, whereas soft styles tend to be
more defensive. In accordance with this hard style arts tend to concentrate more on striking, punching and kicking while soft
styles focus on throws, locks and holds. Whether a style is hard or soft does not depend on its geographical origin, nor does
it depend on whether it is internal or external (which will be explained below).
What is generally considered the most basic dividing line for all
martial arts is whether they are internal or external, and it is probably the most difficult of all considerations to pin
down. The simplest explanation is that external arts rely on external, muscular strength, speed and power whereas the internal
arts rely on developing the same amount of power, strength and speed internally. It is how this is done which becomes difficult
to explain, as some then rely on an account of the building up of chi energy which is a thoroughly arcane concept for the
beginner; or by generating energy through the tendons, fascia and internal areas of the body rather than from the gross muscular-skeletal
system which is scarcely less confusing. It is perhaps better for the beginner to consider the practical differences between
the two approaches and make a judgement on those rather than on relying on concepts it can take years to grasp. It is generally
considered a truism that the internal arts take longer to learn and certainly much longer to gain enough skill to rely upon
in combat (though hopefully in the modern world the need should not arise). It is also usually the case that external arts
will rely more heavily on physical fitness, so that classes will spend a lot of time training this (by contrast, internal
classes will spend more time training forms, abstract sequences intended to drill fighting applications into the subconscious
brain. Another difference is allegedly that internal martial arts rely on training the subconscious brain whereas external
arts rely on training the conscious one.) The exponents of either then go on to state that it is eventually possible to gain
a higher level of power in one and not the other, or that in one approach it’s easy to become an intermediate but hard
to go any further but in the other approach the opposite is the case; however, these are arcane arguments which are unlikely
to be of interest, or ready comprehension, to the beginner. It is however worth noting that the internal arts are supposed
to start internal but progress to the external, whereas the external arts go the opposite way. At their top level all arts
are considered to be both internal and external equally, at least in theory.
Perhaps the last of the obvious considerations is whether the art
is modern or ancient. Beginners, particularly if their sole point of contact is the television, books or comics, are likely
to assume that all martial arts were invented thousands of years ago. This is not necessarily the case; while it is true that
human beings have been learning to fight since their evolution and have been passing on these skills from the dawn of time,
martial arts are generally considered to originate from the time that they were named or founded, usually by an attributed
individual (Bruce Lee being the most recent, and famous, with Chuck Norris having carried out a similar, if perhaps slightly
less well recognised, achievement). Most do have ancient roots (if only due to biomechanics; since there are only just over
two hundred bones in the human body and there are limited ways they can all move relative to one another, and basic considerations
of anatomy, pressure points, and weak points are still the same) but many also include modern sports coaching or psychological
techniques. In particular a modern trend is to blend martial arts, leading to the rise of one tradition called simply mixed
martial arts, or others grouping a particular geographical area. This is likely due to increased communication and travel
technology, in the past the arts would likely have been more isolated and such mixing would not have been possible. Opinions
are divided as to whether this has been to their benefit or detriment. In any case the beginner will therefore have to choose
whether they wish to study an ancient or a modern art. Many prefer the idea of studying something hundreds or thousands of
years old, considering it gives greater authenticity and proof of efficacy through longevity, whereas others might consider
something that was invented only decades ago to have more modern application and less useless cultural artefacts which are
not relevant in today’s era. It is usually at this point that the notion of lineage also arises. While most students
are justifiably proud of their lineage, beginners should be careful that being fewer generations away from the master or the
founder is not as important a guarantee of quality as, say, how much a person has practised the material, or how many people
they can attract to a class and hold on to.
It is at this point that the beginner, having considered the aspects
of geographical origin, hard and soft, internal and external, and modern and ancient, in the martial arts, should move on
to several cultural considerations which are likely to critically affect how they get along with them. Another common assumption
in the martial arts is that they all have belts, with the legendary black belt equating in the public eye with the rank of
master. This is not in fact the case as many martial arts not only do not have belts but also do not have what the belts actually
signify, rank being awarded on passing a test. It is also not true that black belt conveys the rank of master, it is more
akin to an initiation – stating that the student has proven their worth and is ready to get on with the real work. Belts
should not be an excuse for the students to throw their weight about or boss people around – if this is observed it
is a clear indicator to progress rapidly to the exit. It is however a sign that the student has gone through another in a
progressive series of tests and, by passing the tests have proven that their skills have increased. Many schools have the
same progressive series of tests but do not use belts, going by certification or some other method instead; functionally,
however, the system is still the same. Belts and certificates are usually also a sign that the student should be taking on
increasing amounts of teaching responsibility; there is an automatic progression into teaching in the martial arts. While
many wax lyrical about the mystical transmission of giri from teacher to student and how students are then obliged
to teach because of this magical debt which has transformed their lives which can never be repaid, etc., it is perhaps more
prosaic to state that nobody can truly be sure as to whether they can do something unless they can in fact teach someone else
to do it. It is also not true that belts are an ancient tradition in the martial arts, whatever may be believed (or disseminated)
in fact this is a tradition going back only a little over a century, and was introduced only to make the teaching of the arts
easier in a modern sporting and school environment. There were originally only two colours allegedly, black and white, while
a black belt was awarded with time rather than through gradings. Indeed the proliferation of colours, and stripes and tags
between colours, has led to the exercise being more to make money, one of many unscrupulous practises which will be discussed
in greater depth later. A more fanciful legend has it that the belts were never actually washed and someone was a black belt
once it was dirty enough to become black. One is led to wonder whether this was very hygienic, whether anyone would want such
a smelly, greasy item next to their pristine white suit, and what clinches it is experiments carried out by people where they’ve
actually found that the belt never does become very dirty at all. Many have also dragged their belts behind their cars to
give them that authentic distressed look, leading them to conclude that other distressed belts they’ve seen are for
lineage holders (or other guys who spent their youths tying their belts to the backs of their cars). In any case, the beginner
should consider whether it suits their particular learning preference to have tests at regular intervals of what they’ve
learned; in most cases there are both advantages and disadvantages to this. Some people like to have clear goals or ends in
sight, or like to know what they have to achieve next; others find this merely annoying and demoralising and resent the exercise
of being tested. Conversely where there are no tests or grades it’s possible to plateau or become completely lost; with
no direction or discipline having any advantage over any other, there is no point doing anything at all unless the student
acquires some other reason to reach a particular goal or point – which they might anyway.
Ranks are conveyed by belts and so logically, it’s possible
to conclude that where there are no belts there are no ranks either. This is not always the case, and in most cases it is
usually obvious what kind of pecking order exists in any given room (due both to the progressive nature of the arts and humans
having evolved as predatory pack animals with alpha led structures) but the weight which ranks, and their attendant titles
are accorded is another cultural consideration which may become important to the beginner. In some arts ranks and titles are
taken extremely seriously while in others they are actively avoided and discouraged; others still are entirely indifferent.
In many cases the ranks can proliferate so greatly a dictionary of the native tongue is required to understand them all. In
many cases the ranks are left in their native tongue, and usually these have no cultural connotations in Western lands –
note however that this may not be true when the terms are translated into English. After decades of the kung fu turtles being
on television most people have no problem calling someone sensei, but calling someone master implies a degree of servility
in the modern tongue, even though master is an authentic rank in most martial arts. In any case the beginner should carefully
consider how they feel about all this, and what degree of importance it strikes them with. In most cases the terms are indeed
sprinkled only occasionally as cultural colouring, but if they are proliferated or are insisted upon the student should consider
again what need is being met; if it is to make the leader look big then again it’s time to question what’s going
on. The beginner should also consider whether the cultural mores and considerations which were appropriate in twelfth century
Japan, or sixteenth century China, are culturally appropriate in twenty first century Britain, Canada or USA, and what should
be considered to be appropriate standards of behaviour and propriety in modern nations.
A final consideration is the extent to which competitions are given
prominence in the art. Some arts consider their whole raison d’etre to be competitions whereas others actively avoid
and discourage them, whereas in different environments competitions are available but it is a matter of choice whether or
not to participate. The beginner must then decide whether they have any great desire to take part in competitions or not.
Some arguments for competitions include that it gives people the opportunity to try out their skills and see if they work,
and gives them a benchmark to see how they have progressed. The counter argument to this however is that given the number
of rules and safeguards that exist in competitions to prevent the participants killing each other, it is never going to have
any relevance to a real life or street battle; and if someone feels the need to prove themselves by competing then it points
to a misguided and rather neurotic ego need that the individual should look at curing in themselves, rather than encouraging.
It is also argued that once competitions are introduced the exercise becomes more like a sport than a martial art. It follows
on from this that youth and strength are automatically rewarded and give a considerable advantage, and if the notion of talent
is believed in then it can be argued that your placing in competition is likely to be a foregone conclusion anyway, so why
bother. It is certainly the case the people do have natural advantages of height, strength, dexterity, speed, agility, suppleness
and so on, all of which will come to the fore in competitions; and if the beginner possesses these, or not, then a realistic
weighing up of their own abilities may influence their decision (and they may decide to compete anyway even if they feel they
are wanting in such characteristics.) Another argument in favour of competitions is that they build character and spirit,
conversely the non competitive arts emphasise that they too are practised for the individual’s personal development
and self defence. The choice is down to the student.
It is also worth noting that there are many other disciplines available
for study which offer many of the same practises and subsequently, benefits of the martial arts. These can include self defence,
yoga, energy healing, meditation, and so on. These skills are all perfectly valid if they are taught properly (though the
same potential exists to defraud the public as described below) but fall outside the scope of this article. It is instructive
though to describe some differences between self defence and martial arts. Typically, the main difference is that self defence
courses are brief, often only lasting weeks, while any martial art that is seriously pursued is a lifetime commitment. This
automatically wipes out any notion of belts, titles, gradings, certification or progression; the time simply isn’t available.
Also, martial arts usually have considerable background and cultural artefacts from their native land; serious students usually
have at least some degree of interest in the milieu in question. This is also usually excised from self defence. If this sounds
like it appeals to the beginner, they are of course welcome to participate.
The student must however be most earnestly warned against a trend
which is perhaps modern, or perhaps has existed for all time; the type of school where the goal is not to teach martial arts
of any stripe, but to defraud the public of money. In modern parlance this has been named the McDojo. In olden times,
it is said, schools were only allowed to open with the prior permission of a well known martial arts master, and the school
was enabled to stay open through their patronage. However, if a school opened which was not known to anyone, they would then
be challenged by every other martial arts school in the borough. Only if the school was victorious through all these challenges
would it be allowed to remain open – it had proven its authenticity and efficacy. In the modern times, perhaps fortunately,
law enforcement prevents such full scale battles. However, it leaves the way open for the dubious practises of the McDojo.
Fortunately, there are a number of tell tale ways to spot that any
given school has such tendencies. The most glaringly obvious is that the student has to sign a contract with the school for
a given length of time, measured in the several months or over (many legitimate schools charge by the month solely for accounting
purposes); it’s clear that this guarantees the McDojo a given income for a given period of time. The reason for the
time period is as follows; during that time the student can’t just leave because they’ve realised that what’s
on offer is of egregious quality, meanwhile it may well be the case that cash is being extracted directly from their bank
account or credit card by direct debit. The obvious refutation to this practise is that students should be sufficiently impressed
and pleased with the service that’s being provided that they should want to keep turning up and paying of their own
accord. The fraudulent contracts can also be spotted by the fact that there is practically no way to get out of them other
than by dying.
Belts are also used by McDojos as a means of making easy revenue (as
opposed to legitimate schools, where they should be used as a teaching aid only). For instance, one of the tell tale clauses
of the fraudulent contract is that it guarantees a black belt within a given length of time. This is not possible as whether
baseline talent exists or not, if the student does no work then it will not happen; or at least if the rank is granted then
it has no meaning. In most traditional arts black belts take between five and ten years to acquire, and the student should
think carefully about any time scale that is significantly less than this. Another hallmark of fraudulent schools is that
there is a proliferation of belt colours, often with stripes or tags in between the colours as well. All this means is that
the increasingly regular tests make more money for the school. Legitimate and traditional schools usually only have five or
ten junior belts and senior belts, with very occasionally the senior belts going up to fifteen. When there are significantly
more than this the student should consider what is being achieved here (and go through their contract with a magnifying glass).
The belt fees should also offer a flat fee structure with no level hikes, though the junior grades may cost less than the
senior grades. If the price starts to increase significantly then the student needs to do some math, as the only way the costs
can be justified is if they cover administrative fees, the cost of the belt itself, the time of the teaching and grading staff
plus their reasonable travelling expenses. If it starts looking like a vast profit is being made on top of these then the
beginner should look elsewhere.
Another tell tale example of McDojos is fraudulent claims. One very
transparent claim is for elevated rank; beginners should be aware that advanced ranks in traditional martial arts are granted
only to people who have been studying most of their adult lives. Other, similar claims are training with semi-mythical figures
who can’t be found by the most basic of internet search engines, or having a background in military special forces.
Conversely, proponents of chicanery can claim to have trained with famous figures of the martial arts world, who may have
no knowledge of them, or may have spent far less time with them than is being claimed. It is also worth noting that the dead
can’t speak out and say that they have nothing to do with this person; at one time, having trained with Bruce Lee was
a common assertion (those who authentically trained with him are well documented and have their own system). Fake schools
are often unrealistic about rank; high level (legitimate) black belts are rarely under thirty, and if there are large numbers
of black belts still in their early teens or younger then the student should consider this questionable (this does not apply
however where children are being taught separately to adults. Where children and adults are taught together though there should
be some acknowledgement that they are junior.) A possibly very obvious claim is being able to perform supernatural feats,
the most common one being able to move or affect someone without touching them. It is usually the case that the student is
told that they too can learn to do such things. Such claims are almost immediately followed by a refusal to demonstrate them,
or an explanation that any given failure of a demonstration is due to spurious reasons (one recent TV documentary contained
the assertion that a chi powered knock down at a distance failed because the presenter’s toes were misaligned.) The
student is left to wonder for themselves how useful such questionable powers would be down the boozer when a fight kicks off.
Another fraudulent claim is to be the repository of secret, hidden knowledge that is millennia old and has been handed down
to themselves alone – usually the deadliest hidden techniques of KUNG FU (pronounced kung fu) Conversely most
martial arts claim that there are no skills that cannot eventually learned by anyone if they practise hard enough. The beginner
is left to decide whether they will put their faith in such assertions.
Another tendency which has already been described is the compulsory
purchase of the school’s own uniforms; this can also extend to equipment. Note that while this may be required by insurance
companies, it should not be substantially more expensive than similar equipment available elsewhere.
It is at this point however that what are obviously fraudulent practises
even to a beginner start shading into questionable practises that may only become clear, or relevant, to an intermediate.
Intermediate students have their own choices to make as well and, at their level, they must start making hard decisions about
the culture and the psychology of what is on offer; in the full knowledge that when you lie down with dogs, you get up with
fleas, and who they associate with is likely to affect their own personalities, their entire lives, and the type of teacher
they will eventually become.
Perhaps the most important consideration for the intermediate is the
calibre of the instructor. This includes not just their martial skills, their understanding of and the ability to communicate
them – which will eventually be seen to be of secondary importance – but their good moral character. This is likely
to affect the entire culture of their organisation in every possible aspect, and eventually the intermediate will learn to
take account of this. It is said that students end up with the teachers they deserve, and that teachers end up with the students
they deserve; the intermediate will come to find this as a truism as they naturally gravitate to teachers who suit their own
personality and their moral compass and walk away from those who do not.
Following on from this is that the intermediate should judge the organisation
also by the calibre of its senior students. As they have selected the teacher and vice versa and in most cases both parties
have spent years or decades with one another, it’s clear that the senior students will come to reflect the instructor
and, by trickle down theory, the organisation as a whole. How they appear, seem or actually are is therefore a measure of
the whole gestalt entity. In external arts their appearing physically fit is held in great store; however, even when physical
fitness is not essential they should at least look like they know what they’re doing. Their own good moral character
is as critical as the teacher’s, as the teacher should be taking pains to ascertain that how they are and the way they
present themselves is how they would want, in the full knowledge that they will be judged by these students. Indeed an interesting
barometer, in the unlikely event that the intermediate from outside ever gets to see it (at least in environments where disciplinary
matters are considered correct to be carried out behind closed doors; the intermediate can judge for themselves what it might
mean if they do not) is how the instructor keeps the senior students in line when they perform actions deemed to be unacceptable.
From a purely prosaic level, the intermediate is likely to be spending the majority of their time being taught by a senior
student as the chief instructor moves on to other people; in the question of whether they are someone the intermediate would
want to be taught by, all the criteria for an instructor apply.
The character of the instructor and the senior students plays a large
part in making up the organisational culture, which the intermediate should also observe and consider carefully. This
is likely to be created in classes run by the instructor and the senior students, and their dedicated followers will comply
with and reinforce it; often, the higher levels find they do not have to do anything as the rank and file react to enforce
the status quo. There are many important aspects of organisational culture which the intermediate should consider, perhaps
most important being to what extent they are expected to comply with it. This can extend to such apparently irrelevant considerations
as are all parties expected to eat and take breaks in the same places, eat the organisational sponsored food rather than anything
people might have brought in (often regardless of expense) and stop at each other’s houses. In some cases violating
such unwritten, corporate sponsored rules can result in opprobrium being expressed all over the outsider.
Following on from this the outsider should look at whether they are
welcomed or treated as an outsider indefinitely. The most extreme example of this is the existence of an inner circle, usually
formed around the instructor and senior students. This inner circle may be evidenced simply by body language and close association,
but it can be indicated by the wearing of uniforms, organisational regalia where uniform is not otherwise compulsory or even
worn by the majority of people there. If such an inner circle exists, is it inclusive or exclusive, is it clear that the inner
circle are superior to all those outside. Assuming this behaviour does not put the intermediate off, to what extent is it
obvious how one would go about joining the inner circle; is it a matter of reaching a certain rank (which could be by passing
tests, or could be through something more nebulous) or is it a matter of paying a given sum of money.
Subsequently to this, how does the organisational culture reflect
upon the classes and the teaching style. Are they militaristic or relaxed, for example. Are the standards of respect and adherence
to ritual appropriate for the 21st century industrialised West. Is the confidence of the students built or undermined,
are they browbeaten or encouraged. Most important is the attitude towards violence; no matter what some people may try to
disseminate, at one time the martial arts had the sole purpose of sudden violence, to preserve life in a lawless world. This
can go so far as some classes banning any mention that their practise was ever once a martial art, but less obviously, does
it seem that violence is condoned, encouraged, glamourised or discouraged. Which environment would the intermediate prefer
to be in.
Given the possibility of violence and physical injury, are the standards
of safety that are observed sufficient that everyone will be able to go home and return to their day jobs. Of importance here
is whether a competitive spirit is fostered or not even in a supposedly non competitive art. Also, during combative exercises,
when it looks like the participants are getting too far into it and may actually degenerate into fighting, how does the instructor
or senior student in charge react to this. Do they move immediately to stop the proceedings, watch what happens or actively
encourage what’s going on. Some even have the attitude whereby if they observe anyone trying to actually hurt anyone
else, they will join the fight themselves and hurt the miscreant badly, who will be entirely unable to defend themselves due
to the instructor’s likely vastly superior skill.
There was once an old tradition in the martial arts that you could
only ever study under one master at any given time. This was of course easier to enforce in the days where communication and
travel between parts of a huge country were virtually nil. In any case, the argument for this was that it prevented any dilution
of style or, perhaps, introduction of material for which the student was unready. At the point they were ready to move on
then there would be an elaborate exchanging of permissions on all sides. In the modern world in which several martial art
schools are likely to be found in any given street, it is unlikely that dedicated individuals will limit themselves to one
class or organisation; they are more probable to use their time available to its maximum advantage. However, it is worth noting
how any given organisation might react to cross training to that extent, or to having someone else’s student walk through
the door. In many cases this is not welcome, with organisations going so far as to hold everyone else’s methods in great
disregard or having prejudice or even enmity against one or several specific masters. The intermediate will have to decide
whether they want to be in that environment, what it might signify, and whether or not they should keep quiet about their
background in a strange environment.
On a final note from the negative, are communications from the officials
of the organisation conducted in a professional manner. If not, the intermediate should decide how they might feel about having
inflammatory material dropped into their inbox or letterbox on a regular basis. But on a less negative note, the intermediate
should consider what progression any given organisation can offer in the art. There are some that are able to offer up to
the very highest levels of teaching (usually in classes run by the top level) and some whose experience of the discipline
is confined to a week or a weekend’s training, or watching videos. Fortunately, this is usually obvious from the start.
More disturbing however is where the enhanced skills are available only to the aforementioned ‘inner circle’.
The difficulty does not arise when eligibility for the advanced training is based on time served, demonstration of commitment,
or ability to function at the required level; but when it is determined simply and only by the student’s ability to
pay a large sum of money to join the higher level. It is down to the intermediate whether this suits their sense of fair play
or their bank balance.
A multitude of choices face the individual in the game of choosing
not losing, but there is always another choice available to them; the choice to do nothing at all, and sit around eating pies
and watching TV. This is of course an option that is open. They might even live to be thirty-seven.
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Martial Arts
I practise these as often as possible, currently taiji, bagua, xingyi and the complementary discipline of meditation.
Like writing, I've been interested in martial arts all my life. Naturally therefore, I've written numerous articles on these
arts over the past few years, of which the newest ones can be found on this site. Older articles can be found here:
Several of those are 'prequels' to the newer articles here, so if some of the concepts seem to have been introduced overly
rapidly, it might be worth checking the link above to see if there's any introductory explanation. Otherwise, enjoy.
BREATH
’Barely breathing, minus human Just squeeze the world and drip it down my throat again.’
Metallica
It is a fact often cited in first aid courses when extolling the virtues of cardio pulmonary resuscitation that humans
can survive 3 weeks without food, 3 days without water but only 3 minutes without oxygen. The instructions for CPR will not
be replicated here as to do so would be illegal; those wishing to learn must attend an approved training course accredited
by the Health and Safety Executive, as the instructions for CPR are often changed based on incoming, up to the minute clinical
data (though the cynical might say it was to keep making money). However it is clear that the importance of oxygen, and the
breath mechanism that supplies it, cannot be overestimated, for humans in general and martial artists in particular.
All martial arts contain training on how to control the breath. This can range from elaborate breathing patterns during
kata, forms and chi kung, and explosive exhalations during destruction drills or fa jing, to the simple injunction that humans
should not look like panting dogs and martial artists should be able to control their breathing even when exhausted. It is
a common problem that people who have poorly attuned circuit 1, or reptile brains, have chronic breathing and respiratory
difficulties. Since the martial arts above all other considerations attempt to train circuit 1, the emphasis on breath correlates
with this tendency.
Martial arts classes where there is some emphasis on healing or internal work often discuss the concept of armouring,
which can be considered inappropriate defences that have been hardened into the mind, body or spirit due to previous negative
experiences which have never been satisfactorily resolved. Wilhelm Reich, who invented the concept, also observed the respiratory
blocks where the bad conditioning occurred so early that it took place before the conscious mind was fully developed and has
thus been ‘swallowed whole’ and gone into the unconscious. The organism continually feels itself under threat
and is thus continually tense, interfering with breathing; therefore, all systems to cure this, from martial arts to psychotherapy
and including all yoga and meditative traditions, start by attempting to retrain the breathing. Inappropriate fear sets in
to the muscles and eventually cripples all the other organs along with the lungs. Breath is the first step in correcting this
before any higher results can be attempted.
It is often said that chi is breath and breath is chi. While chi is often translated as breath, the two are not entirely
similar and follow considerably different control mechanisms. Chi requires extended exposure to feel and even more subsequent
practise to control. Conversely, most people are not aware of their breath and to the untrained, being reminded of their breathing
leads to some awkwardness as they strive to keep it under conscious control until such time as they once again become unaware
of it (which is not a problem which afflicts those used to controlling their breath, of course.) While chi is said to follow
intent, breath is rather more easily controlled and with some practise is within the reach of most humans.
While most internal martial arts the breathing pattern will usually follow the correspondence of in for yin and our for
yang, which is to say that expansive opening outward movements are accompanied by out breath and closing, inward, constrictive
movements are accompanied by in breaths. Almost all styles agree, for example, that the posture of Peng, indicated by three
yang bars on the thirteen postures, is accompanied by an out breath, as it is all of expansive, outward and opening. This
correlates with the fact that Lu or Roll Back, indicated by three yin bars on the thirteen postures is almost always accompanied
by an in breath. Opinion remains divided between styles and lineages of styles as to whether such movements as kicks, or intermediate
stages between positions are accompanied by in or out breaths.
At a higher level it is possible to observe the level a martial artist or chi kung practitioner has reached by the frequency
of their breathing. Normal humans will typically breathe 13 times a minute, whereas it is said that a truly adept taiji practitioner
will breathe only 4 times a minute, and that their form will slow down to match their breathing, taking correspondingly longer.
Meanwhile there are anecdotes of chi kung masters breathing only once per minute. An old Taoist notion from the school of
attempting to achieve bodily immortality (called the decadent school of Taoism by some, whereas others say the money making
McDojo school of Taoism is the more decadent) holds that humans only have a finite number of breaths per lifetime and the
more the breathing is slowed the longer you will live. It is up to the reader to decide whether they consider it a worth while
trade off to learn breath control, meditation, or martial arts in order to achieve greater longevity, as there is also a Taoist
notion that the less you do the longer you live, which might be seen to contradict the other statement; or, indeed, defeat
the object. The conclusion remains undecided, even in Robert Silverberg’s excellent The Book of Skulls.
On a final and lighter note, the reader may be familiar with the classic BBC comedy series Red Dwarf, featuring
a hapless few adventurers flying through the universe and encountering mad situations and komedy; with the original brief
being to put working class people in space (in fact Harry Harrison originally set out in one short story with the high minded
goal of putting working class people in science fiction, but came across as very patronising in the humble opinion of the
writer). Tragic hologram Arnold Judas Rimmer is one of a long and noble line of comedy characters whose purpose is to make
sections of the male audience feel better about themselves, like Howard Moon in The Mighty Boosh, Martin in Game
On and Stanley Tweedle out of Lexx (a rather different show which owes Red Dwarf quite a debt). He often
succeeds at this laudable goal quite well. On one occasion the hilarious plotline involves Rimmer being infected with a holo-disease
which drives him mad and makes him lock Lister and the Cat in a sealed room while wearing a gingham dress and talking in a
monotone; such zaniness being quite common for Red Dwarf. On being informed that for punishment they will be spending
some time W.O.O, or With Out Oxygen, Lister and the Cat, realising the importance of breath, immediately panic and try to
find a way out. To reveal if or when or how our otherwise usually inept heroes escape would spoil the experience for the reader,
apart from the fact that a newspaper article on a new series of Red Dwarf once finished the summary of this week’s episode
with the words ‘guess who wins’. Still, sarcasm and comedy aside, the reader will hopefully be convinced that,
as Shirley Manson of Garbage said, the trick is to keep breathing.
Advanced Mind Power – 13 Steps and the 8 Circuit Model
‘As you are now, so once was I.
As I am now, so you must be.
Prepare my friends to follow me.’
Megadeth
The illuminated who have learned the secrets of active mind power
have, throughout the centuries, come up against the same pitfalls in their attempt to pass on these secrets to their fellow
human beings. On the one hand it is a side effect of being aware that you are master of your own reality, and that you have
the choice not to be miserable, self destructive and ineffective, to want passionately to help everyone else to be content,
self enhancing and empowered. On the other hand it is impossible to actually fully comprehend any of the truisms of this state
unless you are actually there (and, as has been observed by M R James, the state is sadly transitory and fleeting for all
but the highly adept). The mind is aware that it yearns for something but it usually knows not what. The first Buddhists were
urged not to mistake the finger pointing at the moon for the moon itself (modern parlance holds that you shouldn’t mistake
the map for the territory); or told a story that, if you had an arrow poking through your guts, you’d probably not want
to know who forged the arrowhead, who fletched the feathers, who carved the shaft, etc., in preference to yanking the arrow
out and patching up the wound (or, in happier modern times, going to the A&E department so they could do it under X-ray
and avoid tearing your internals up any further.) It’s said that the secrets of the illuminated do not need to be guarded
because they could be shouted in the most crowded marketplaces in the world and nobody would hear them, listen to them, or
recognise them for what they were. It has therefore been necessary to bring human beings to awakening almost by trickery,
indirectly.
Various meditative and martial techniques have been used and are known
for the purpose of becoming enlightened, and they follow the general principle in accordance with the concept of ‘fire
and water’ paths; fast dangerous paths are available which can take, it’s said, between thirty and ninety days
to become enlightened (this does however involve having a very great deal of time available to meditate; this particular approach
was patented in modern times in an academic environment during the summer holiday) whereas slow safe paths are available which
can take up to twenty years. An average figure is cited for standard, basic meditative practises of between three to eight
years. However, a late master of this territory commented with characteristic bite that saying you were enlightened and that
the journey was finished was like saying that you’d graduated from high school and you were educated. Instead, the question
usually asked of those who have made the breakthrough, either by their instructors of them or they of themselves is; where
do you go from here?
It can be argued that the power of the mind is all that has raised
humans up from the mud, brought them down from the trees, stopped them being at the mercy of woolly mammoths, sabre toothed
tigers, the occasional anachronistic dinosaur, etc., and usually those who have realised that they control their own reality
and have a glimpse of the abilities that active mind power can give them have been loathe to stand still. One question that
has always led philosophers and their modern descendants to wonder, with no avail, is what is mind. How does the mess
of fatty tissue making up the central nervous system translate into consciousness. Do other primates have a mind, a consciousness
as humans would recognise it; do other mammals; other vertebrates. (A Zen monk once asked the roshi, or teacher, whether a
dog had a Buddha nature. ‘Mu!’ was the barked answer, which has been variously translated as ‘no’
‘undefined’ or ‘don’t ask stupid questions’). According to the model of consciousness which
will be discussed later on in this article, even the lowest form of self-mobilising animal life, the worms (it’s worth
noting that two layer flatworms, living in the sea, can be considered a far lower degree of evolution than the kind of worms
living in the soil which humans usually dig up and look at; these have three entire layers between their skin surface and
their digestive system, several more layers of complexity than flatworms or tiny, single layered roundworms) have a mind comparable
to the very lowest levels of human functioning. Note therefore that the presence of mind does not depend on possessing a central
nervous system. That which even remotely resembles a human’s CNS does not begin to appear in evolutionary terms until
the first vertebrates, long after the worms.
It is this first level mind which allows the worm or simple creature
to move forward towards food or pleasurable stimulus or backwards away from enemy or painful stimulus. It could be argued
that the strength or otherwise of this first level mind is what therefore enables survival of the fittest, or evolution; creatures
which are quicker to move towards food and away from enemy obviously survive better and live to reproduce more often than
those who do not. Thus the power of the mind really is what has enabled humans to evolve from tiny worms burrowing in the
muck. And it can be seen that even a worm has great power. What if a worm were suddenly to have the power of a human?
It is argued by the most advanced practitioners of active mind power
that this comparative level of power, to be as far beyond a human as a human is beyond a worm, is available to everyone, but
is blocked to them due to their lack of enlightenment; also, they are so blinded by their own barred reality that they don’t
even know what they’re missing. Even modern science holds that far more of the brain is available for use than is ever
utilised by the vast majority of people. In attempting to explore and exploit these unused areas of the brain, practitioners
of advanced mind power have set out to map the territory. While no chart can ever fully reflect any true geography, these
prometheans have done their best to codify their findings in ways that other humans can readily understand and put into practise.
These codices have needed to be altered and re stated to be comprehensible for each successive culture, but as modern anthropology
holds all humans and their cultures are in essence the same; and what is said has always been known but has needed to be repeated,
again and again, for another body of people in another time.
One model that is likely to be most readily apprehended to modern
inhabitants of a Western industrialised society, particularly those who also study the martial arts and the meditative practises
associated with them, draws on both basic maths and recent scientific models of the central nervous system. The overarching
framework can be called the thirteen steps. It will be readily apparent that thirteen is the total of five plus eight,
a set of figures which will be quite familiar to practitioners of xingyi, bagua and taiji – or those who’ve read
the article on thirteen postures further up the page. In the same way as the thirteen postures can be divided into the eight
trigrams and the five elements, the thirteen steps can be divided into the thirteen keys and the thirteen gates.
The thirteen keys are essentially, the secrets of advanced mind power – those which, when their truth is realised, will
enable the individual to know that they are in control of their own reality; they will be discussed briefly further on. The
thirteen gates can be further subdivided into five operations and eight procedures, and five levels and
eight circuits. While the operations, procedures and levels all warrant thorough and exhaustive study, it is the thirteen
keys and the eight circuits which will form the basis of this article.
The first few of the thirteen keys are quite simple. The first merely
invites the aspirant to realise that since their personality is only a role that they play, then their personality is in fact
an illusion and infinitely mutable; therefore, if you can be anything you can do anything. The second states
that you must realise that you are a character in a story and you write not only the middle, but the beginning and then end.
Those who would doubt the notion of writing the beginning of the story, thinking that it’s already been written for
them, would do well to think carefully about how they have sometimes realised that their memory of events is starkly at variance
with concrete evidence as to what actually happened. This can be shocking enough when it is simple events, but the aspirant
must expand their consciousness to the whole of the story they’ve created for their lives, their self perception of
how they came to be, and how this tallies with what actually happened in verifiable facts (who, what, when, how, why, where,
and so on and so forth). They will soon find that literally any story can be made up around any events, and thus they really
do write both the beginning, and the end, of their self created tale, and are doing so at this very moment. (The notion that
different accounts can be constructed of the same events but all accounts reinforce the essential truth has been used both
in the Japanese classic story Rashomon and the Gospels.) It is this viewpoint which has been taken as the therapeutic model
for the school of psychotherapy known as transactional analysis, in which the counsellor helps the client to realise that
by writing their own story to their detriment they have led themselves into a self defeating situation, and assists them to
change their own story to give a more positive outcome. Transactional analysis, particularly as it is done by trained accredited
personnel (hopefully) under supervision, is far gentler and more safe than the method outlined here; beginning students must
be careful.
Another means of stating the same truth is simply that advanced mind
power is realising that you are free; or conversely, that you are in a self created prison, a prison created by your beliefs,
your opinions, your self perceptions, and ultimately your senses. This is a therapeutic model used by the cognitive-behavioural
model of psychotherapy, and the attempt is made by the therapist to help the client realise that the core beliefs they’ve
created for themselves, the prison, are holding them back and limiting them to self limiting or self destructive behaviour.
The goal of cognitive behavioural therapy is to help the client realise this and help them create a more light and airy prison
for them to move around in, whereas the goal of advanced mind power is to shatter the prison altogether and drag the aspirant
into the wild four winds, the wide open space and the blinding light of day. Needless to say, one approach is more dangerous
than the other and needs to be treated with appropriate care.
A couple of other keys have been used as mottoes of groups that have
attempted to teach advanced mind power to their initiates. A recent variant on an old theme has been that nothing is true
and everything is permitted, that everything holding you back from realising your full potential and genius is a self created
illusion. This was a reworking of a prior motto which stated that the only law you should have was that you should do what
you willed. Will was however here used in the special context of being true to your own essential nature, also known as the
way of the Tao in that philosophy; rather than an excuse for wanton licentiousness and anarchy. It was held that if everyone
followed their own essential nature chaos, evil and depravity would not in fact be the result but universal harmony, peace
and love. This is naturally a goal as likely as universal enlightenment, but it is still useful for the aspirant to consider
the concepts.
A couple more keys have been used as mental exercises that have been
given to those who have reached various stages in organisations that have set out to teach advanced mind power. One being
the notion that everything that happens to you and everything you are aware of is your own responsibility; this naturally
follows on from the notion that since the only reality you have is your own perceptions, and you are responsible for creating
your own perceptions, therefore you control your own reality. Another, similar exercise holds that every action you take is
an interaction between yourself and the whole of the manifest universe. There are two possible interpretations for this; one
being that since the only universe, the only reality, that you can have is what you perceive, and the more you understand
the more control you can have over it, then to possess more understanding, more perception, is to possess more reality. Conversely,
it’s said that any separation between yourself and external reality is an illusion and all things are essentially one,
or interlinked. Zen Buddhism describes this as tat vam asi, or ‘that thou art’ and describes it as a realisation
that can be brought about by the cessation of all physical, mental and emotional activity – the Za Zen system of seated
meditation which can be said to take three to eight years to achieve enlightenment.
Other keys are perhaps more confusing. One holds that it is reality
that is the lie; because your apprehension of the outside world is fundamentally distorted by your own perceptions, beliefs,
views of it and so forth, it is untrue and always will be untrue, unless by realising this you can break through to the underlying
essential truth. A corollary to this is the notion that anything anyone ever tells you is a lie, because they can never fully
know your reality; they will always view their own as implicitly true. (This is usually one of the first points made in any
communication course, that what one party sees as a self evident truth, so obvious it may never be questioned or indeed brought
into consciousness, may be totally untrue for the other party, and again never questioned or brought into consciousness. It
is what enables books such as Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus to make such a colossal fortune). A logical conclusion
is that therefore, nobody can ever step outside their own reality as it is never questioned – at least those who do
not know the secrets of active mind power. One inference from this is that if people are imprisoned by their own reality,
then manipulating it can be used to manipulate them. Naturally, Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism, with roots in India and Tibet
and adopted by the legendary ninja, has it that if you use this key to do anything other than help bring people to enlightenment
you will go mad. Hopefully this is a caveat that still works on the unscrupulous; but the student should still be careful
who they choose to trust.
Some further keys become progressively more disturbing and the student
is urged to view them with caution. One states, quite baldly, that the end of all hope is the birth of all freedom, a concept
that should be considered with care. Another idea to be applied with discretion is that to truly vary your reality you have
to hallucinate on command; obviously you need to be able to stop hallucinating and return to consensus reality as required
as well. Perhaps most dangerous of all is the notion that since people are completely immersed in their culture, their mythos,
to the point that they can never question its assumptions or even bring them into conscious awareness, the only way to make
any real progress is to go insane, to exterminate all rational thought. It goes without saying that prior to this, the student
must take care that they can find their way back again lest they might never benefit from their insights, or anything else
besides.
One a lighter note, the final key that will be presented is an amusing
little anecdote that was told by possibly the greatest master of advanced mind power of all time and the one who has done
the most recent and voluminous work on the subject. During the time of Queen Victoria, two extremely posh young gentlemen
were travelling in their exeats from Cambridge University (for such was the milieu in which the master existed at the time)
in the same carriage on a train. The one youthful aristocrat noticed that his travelling companion was carrying a shoe box
with holes punched around the lid. He pursed his lips and uttered, without a trace of self referential, post modern irony
such as might possess the modern raconteur, ‘I say old chap,’ he said, ‘whatever are you carrying in that
shoebox?’
‘That would be a mongoose, old bean,’ said the other cavalier,
taking a snifter of the finest brandy and puffing out a dense cloud of smoke from an extraordinarily expensive cigar.
‘Whyever would you be carrying a mongoose? Seems a dashed rum
affair,’ exhorted the other gallant, taking a pinch of the best snuff and offering it to his companion, who graciously
accepted and followed up the gift with the response of a cigar and a balloon of cognac.
‘Well, my good fellow,’ exclaimed the bearer of the mongoose,
‘it is a very sad business. My good friend, with whom I was at Charterhouse, has sadly had the misfortune of his family
being reduced to the poorhouse thanks to pater’s gambling debts. My chum might have been able to salvage his own situation
had he not had the most overwhelming fondness for the tipple. Sadly his dire straits did not motivate him to better things,
but sadly to drown his brain, and drink every remaining drop of the family wealth, in gin. Unfortunately he now resides in
Bedlam, and has entered the final stages of delirium tremens. He now cannot shake the notion that his body is crawling entirely
with snakes at every passing moment, and his body is so ravaged by the demon drink that he is not long for this world. I have
brought him the gift of this mongoose in order to ease the long, painful hours before his final passage from this mortal coil.’
‘But, my good fellow, surely you can see that a ruddy mongoose
won’t help with the vapours?’ exclaimed the first gentleman, tapping his cigar ash vigorously into the proper
receptacle. ‘It’s merely bally unfair to the poor blighter to get his hopes up.’
‘But ah well, you see, my good man,’ smiled the second
gentleman; and paused to relight his cigar which had gone out, and then blow a succession of expanding smoke rings, each through
the middle of the one before. ‘This is an imaginary mongoose.’
The remaining keys are left as an exercise for the reader to find.
The eight circuit model of consciousness is one which should be readily
comprehensible to the modern person, particularly if they have studied martial arts. On the one hand it bears at least a nodding
acquaintance with modern scientific models of the brain, and on the other hand the ultimate goal of all the combative disciplines
is to correctly utilise in its correct function circuit 1, which is associated with the reptile brain; and many martial arts
do explicitly state this and attempt to overtly train it.
Circuit 1 is more formally called however the bio survival circuit
and is present in all multi celled animals. Note that calling it the reptile brain is actually the result of cross-correlating
the eight circuit model with the triune model, which is an attempt to divide up the human brain into three parts based on
its resemblance to the brains of other orders of animal. Thus, the human brain can be said to be made up of the reptile brain,
which resembles that of reptiles; the paleo-mammalian brain, which resembles that of other mammals; and the neo-mammalian,
which is unique to humans. The mapping of each of these brains to the first four circuits will be discussed in turn. However,
the reader should be aware that the mapping is an attempt to draw a comparison between a conceptual model and a physical one
– both of which are in themselves approximations of reality which can never totally reflect reality (like all models.)
It is a useful conception only and should not be taken as dogma. It is for this reason that ‘the reptile brain’
can be seen in operation in all creatures from reptiles on down to roundworms. Circuit 1 is a function of ‘mind’
(which is a term to be used with caution as will be explained) and not a function of physical structure.
Circuit 1, put simply, allows the multi celled organism to move productively
along one dimension – forwards, towards favourable conditions, like food, a welcoming environment, and so forth
– and backwards, away from unfavourable conditions, like an enemy, a disagreeable environment, and so on. Circuit
1 relates simply and only to survival and, when the organism’s life is threatened, circuit 1 operates first and shuts
down all other circuits. In particular it shuts down all sense of time and – unless trained by the various methods that
will be outlined – consciousness as well, so that threatened with deadly danger humans will react completely without
thought, and note time dilation effects after the event – assuming they survive. It is for this reason that the function
of all martial arts is to train circuit 1, or the reptile brain as it is usually called in this context. This is because humans
have not usually learned the best reactions on this circuit (modern living does not tend to present it with appropriate stimuli)
and when danger threatens and circuit 1 kicks in, it is not particularly useful to the human organism to cower or freeze.
Therefore the goal is to retrain the circuit to carry out more useful and life preserving techniques when it is activated.
Chi kungs exist to strengthen the reptile brain, and the various disciplines like push hands and applications exist to drill
more useful reactions into this bio survival circuit.
Humans who are primarily motivated by circuit 1, seeking out immediately
pleasurable conditions or experiences and with no other reaction to unpleasant ones than to move away again tend to be viscerotonic,
and tend to resemble grown up babies to lesser or greater degree. They tend to be overweight and have underdeveloped muscular
structures. However, this is not to say that the circuit is a bad one in moderation; all need to be exercised in balanced
proportion with the others, thus those who are primarily motivated by other circuits should indulge in mindless pleasures
every once in a while. Persons with poorly adapted bio survival circuits tend to have a lot of chronic symptoms which are
associated with stress, as a result of the circuit 1 flight or fight syndrome being too often activated in response to non
life threatening artefacts of the Western world such as paychecks and redundancy. Therefore they are usually more susceptible
to disease. In particular these individuals tend to have non-efficient breathing and it is for this reason that the martial
arts, in their quest to retrain this circuit, almost always have breathing discipline as an essential component. This misplaced
stress also manifests as chronic muscular contractions in inappropriate places (usually all over the body) which is often
referred to as armouring. Most martial arts, of course, attempt to retrain the muscular reactions as well. According
to various psychological theories Circuit 1 is called the natural child and is associated with sensation or
the id. How well circuit 1 functions determines how much people exhibit of anxiety or self-confidence, rootedness or
explorativeness, dependency or independence.
Circuit 2 is formally called the emotional territorial circuit
and maps to the paleo-mammalian brain in the triune brain model. It is worth noting that it is considered to map this way
because it is primarily associated with the alpha-led pack structures primarily evidenced by higher mammals such as wolves,
mercats, gorillas and so on. While circuit 1 can be said to be possessed by everything below mammals, it is worth noting that
crocodiles, snakes and so forth are rarely the subjects of the soap-style nature documentaries which give names and personalities
to all the monkeys, desert dwelling rodents and so on and explains their interactions in terms of circuit 2 led behaviour.
The reptiles and their ilk are not so fascinating as they lack this circuit, and its concomitant social hierarchies. It is
for this reason that circuits 1 and 2 have been called the reptilian and paleo-mammalian brains; bear in mind that there is
little other cause, however.
The emotional territorial circuit introduces the dimensions of up
and down, in two senses; the first being the simple distinction of vertical displacement first learned when the infant
starts to stand up, and the second being in terms of superiority and inferiority in terms of hierarchies and power politics
– the typical pack structures of the alpha led, more evolved mammals. It is this circuit which is associated with such
behaviour as making oneself look bigger, beating the chest, roaring, flinging excreta at the object of contempt, etc., to
indicate dominance – and this behaviour is all too obvious in human beings to those who look. It is also associated
with hunching up to look smaller, lowering the head, and cringing and cowering away, to indicate submission to the superior
force. The superior individual builds themselves up while the inferior individual shrinks themselves down. In
these behaviours, the differences between humans and other mammals are non existent; only the next circuits up introduce differences.
Persons who are primarily active on this circuit tend to be musculatonic – they look like typical alpha types, male
or female, with muscular physical structures, rippling abs, bulging pecs, mirrorshades, and the other characteristics of the
typical 80s action movie hero.
It is at this point that the two-dimensional interaction of the first
two circuits – forward and backward, up and down – leads to the four types of person which have been the simplest
means of dividing people up in terms of personality since ancient times. If forward and backward correspond to friendliness
and hostility, and up and down correspond to strength and weakness, then the four classical characteristics can be seen as
Sanguine (friendly strength) Bilious (hostile strength) Phlegmatic (friendly weakness) and Choleric (hostile weakness). These
can also be identified respectively with fire, air, water, and earth, and the lion, eagle, human and bull, conceptions which
recur in all cultures. In terms of transactional analysis, they translate into ‘I’m OK, You’re OK’
‘I’m OK, You’re Not OK’ ‘I’m Not OK, You’re OK’ and ‘I’m Not OK,
You’re Not OK’. Naturally, these four divisions are extremely basic, but that they have survived from classical
times indicates that perhaps after all there is never smoke without fire.
Note that blind, unquestioning obedience to any of these extremes
is neurosis and poor functioning. It is most efficient to exist the majority of the time somewhere in the middle of the two
axes and move out into one of the four points or corners as the situation demands. However, those who have received a poor
mental programming are incapable of conceiving of being any other way than they are. The purpose of both transactional analysis
and mandala therapy (a form of Buddhist meditation concentrating on a four-fold geometrical figure, whose resemblance to the
two way axis is clear) is to correct these imbalances and try to produce a more rounded human being. In various psychological
theories Circuit 2 is associated with the adapted child and the faculty of feeling or the ego. How well
this circuit functions determines how much people display dominance or submission, self confidence or self doubt, strong ego
or weak ego, high pack status or low pack status, giving orders or taking orders. Approximately 50% of people are primarily
active on the first or second circuits.
Circuit 3 is called the time binding semantic circuit or symbolic
circuit and is the first which can be called uniquely human. Along with Circuit 4, it is associated with the neo-mammalian
brain, which is again uniquely human. (And again, there is little other reason for mapping the two concepts this way; note
that the neo-mammalian brain is associated with two circuits whereas the previous brains were associated with just one, which
should indicate that no system will ever map completely to another; which should then indicate that all models are
only imperfect approximations of reality.) The third circuit enables humans to use symbols, which leads to the possibility
of the transmission and replication of human culture with first the spoken and then the written word. The symbolic capacity
enables humans to make abstractions, which in turn leads to mathematics, musical notation, pictures, blueprints, maps, artefacts,
and so on. It is this circuit which is most commonly associated with the human mind, and at this point the reader can wonder
whether or not any animal other than man has a consciousness as they can comprehend it. Fluency with this circuit is most
commonly associated with intelligence as almost all means of measuring or judging intelligence in contemporary society depend
on human beings’ ability to comprehend and manipulate symbols – at the most basic level, words and numbers –
whereas colloquial means of measuring intelligence, such as communication and persuasion skills, mechanical, electronic or
IT aptitude, artistic skill, etc. also all depend on the semantic circuit. In psychological theory Circuit 3 is called
the adult or computer and is associated with reason. People in general are more usually controlled by
the lower two circuits, so that Circuit 3 is often drawn into producing bizarre pseudo-logic to justify bio-survivalist or
emotional-territorial goals. The semantic circuit rarely operates purely save on abstract issues with no emotional response,
those that are not perceived to affect the person’s survival or territory. Conversely, it is also usually easy to manipulate
people by appealing to the lower circuits, and not to their reason; a fact known to orators and demagogues since time immemorial.
In terms of the previously introduced axes the semantic circuit now
adds a third dimension, that of left and right where circuit 1 is forward and back and circuit 2 is up and down. It is these
three dimensions which humans find most readily imaginable and which led to the first developments of geometry by the ancient
mathematicians. Persons primarily active on the third circuit tend to be cerebrotonic, and look like stereotypical eggheads,
poindexters, nerds, Goths and the tall, skinny teenagers who, having painted their bedroom ceiling black, lie on their bed
listening to the Smiths. They are often hostile to their lower circuit functions, confused and resentful of the overpowering
of their rationality. Time only begins to be experienced on the second circuit (when a person is ruled by circuit 1, they
have no concept of time) but is conceptualised on the third circuit. The third circuit is also the first which shows any sign
of progress in human endeavour – the second two do nothing other than maintain the status quo. It is the third which
allows conscious evolution or development. How well the human functions on the third circuit depends how much they display
fluency or inarticulateness, dexterity or clumsiness, cleverness or stupidity.
Circuit 4 is called the social sexual circuit or domestic
circuit and is primarily associated with morality. It is, along with Circuit 3, associated with the neo-mammalian
brain. It is by programming of the fourth circuit during puberty and adolescence that the human acquires a social sexual role.
In psychological theory, it is associated with the parent and the superego. It is due to this circuit’s
operation that sexual taboos and morality – and by extension, taboos and morality regarding all behaviour – arise
and are enforced by the social machine. This morality has generally been the result of attempting to exercise control over
a very difficult, frightening, unpredictable and uncontrollable area of human life. Arbitrary and bizarre as many, if not
most or all, taboos and morals can be perceived to be, they have all been an attempt to control the uncontrollable in the
hope of producing a better result, however the prevailing society might have worked this out at the time. The primary function
of this circuit is to produce a responsible parent – it is worth noting that reptiles are typically indifferent to their
young, mammals care for their young for a limited period, but humans care for their young for the greatest period of time,
up to and including forever. Those who are primarily active on this circuit are always physically attractive, as they are
always generating the appropriate signals. The morality defined by this circuit attempts to make human society stable and
place checks on the otherwise unfettered progress of circuit 3 – those who pay attention to the media will note that
all but the most innocuous of scientific discoveries is always accompanied by an absolute paroxysm of moral outrage in the
press, usually based on an extremely limited understanding of the innovation in question which the press does little to discourage,
their ultimate goal being to sell papers or advertising time. Faced with this clamour the government then usually regulate
the possible progress inherent from the discovery to a crawl, so that circuit 4 is satisfied.
At this point it is possible once more to divide persons into another
four types; which can be combined with the previous four to give sixteen. For instance, those who are viscerotonic and active
mainly on the first circuit can be considered to be the element of earth. Those who are musculatonic and active mainly on
the second circuit can be associated with water. The cerebrotonic and rational who are active primarily on circuit 3 can be
associated with air and those who are active primarily on circuit 4 can be associated with fire. The combinations are therefore
air/air, air/water, water/fire etc. Acute consciousness of time now appears in this circuit, giving the final fourth dimension,
as the parent’s primary concern begins to be for the future of their children – or the moralist’s primary
concern begins to be for the future of their society’s way of life. How well a person functions on the fourth circuit
determines whether they appear moral or immoral, obedient or disobedient, citizen or outlaw, parent or anarchist. Most communication
breakdowns occur when someone primarily acting from the pressures of one circuit attempts to convey something of importance
to someone acting on another and the priorities, context and meaning are completely missed. Transactional analysis, by considering
the typical roles of each circuit, attempts to fix this. Around 20% of people are primarily active on the third or fourth
circuits.
Circuit 5 is called the holistic neurosomatic circuit and it
is the first which starts to give the possibilities of evolution in this lifetime into the post- or meta-human arena. In the
martial and meditative disciplines it is most accurately described by the concept known as Kundalini, and it is worked upon
by the disciplines of chi kung and pranayama (which are essentially the same with different practises and terminology.) It
can also be called psychosomatic, which while being less accurate does convey in the colloquial sense the recognition
associated with fifth circuit activation that most if not all diseases are self-created and can be got rid of in the same
fashion; the circuit also allows the healing of one’s own injuries and diseases that have been incontrovertibly caused
by outside agents, and is thus also associated with the disciplines of Reiki and energy healing. Unlike the first four circuits,
it does not activate in all human beings, and in accordance with the old practise of only teaching the internal martial arts
or the esoteric elements of religion to those who had survived into their forties, it most often starts functioning around
this age group (but can be self-induced at a younger age.) Circuit 5 activation typically removes most minor mental and physical
health problems and greatly assists with more serious ones. It also produces a sense of personal joy, delight or happiness
which is worth the price of admission alone (of course, this happiness is realistic and does not prevent the person being
discomfited or vexed by inauspicious circumstances and dealing with them appropriately.) It is possible to have negative effects
from activating the circuit incorrectly (as with all the other circuits) such as from unsupervised chi kung or pranayama exercises
(or those taught by the incompetent, unscrupulous or irresponsible) or from forcing excessive quantities of chi energy into
a person (often in misguided attempts to induce activation of this circuit or over ambitious goals in healing) but these negative
effects do usually work themselves out in time and allow the person to reap all the benefits of the correctly activated circuit.
(This should not encourage the student to not exercise due care in selecting teachers or performing disciplines unsupervised
though.) Many who have awakened circuit 5 in themselves or had spontaneous activation have been through significant periods
of negative experience, to the point that this common occurrence of reaching circuit 5 the hard way has come to be called
passing through the dark night of the soul or the abyss. In most cases these persons have battled through the negative and
reached the positive, being left with all the benefits outlined above, hugely enhanced personal abilities and glimpses of
the possibilities inherent in the higher circuits (usually circuit 5 activation is an extreme encounter with energy which
temporarily blasts through circuits 6-8 as well, letting the individual know that there are yet more heights to reach.) A
fortunate few manage to miss out the difficulties on their own, and negative experiences can be avoided altogether by judiciously
following the safety tips of competent chi kung and pranayama teachers and manuals. Keeping the tongue on the roof of the
mouth is particularly important in most practices as it allows the energy to form a correct, closed circuit rather than ‘shorting’
through an open, broken one.
The enhanced good mood of the circuit 5 active person causes them
to be pleased by most situations (except those which are obviously seriously unpleasant). With this circuit’s activation
most of the pointless and inappropriate drives of the lower four circuits (adrenaline stress in the wrong situations, pack-predator
jockeying for position, rationalist disbelief and disgust at one’s own drives, and excessive sexual desire and frustration
or moral outrage) can be seen for what they are and their functions redirected more appropriately. It also gives them considerably
heightened energies which can be felt by those around them (often translated as charisma, which is also held to come from
above-normal reserves of chi energy). In many cases this increased energy can be felt by nearby people resulting in similar,
lesser circuit 5 experiences often translating to physical or mental healing (the student is warned to be exceedingly careful
about seeking out this kind of experience, or attempting to create it, as charlatans and manipulators are plentiful and disturbed
people looking for the perfect guru on whom to hang their mental problems still more so.) Currently, around 20% of the human
population are circuit 5 active, though it is not often permanently in operation. Enhanced intuition and creativity are also
benefits associated with this circuit, as is seeing the ‘big picture’ and the connections between events. It also
gives one the ability to think outside the box of the usual four dimensions and think multi-dimensionally. Bear in mind however
that being automatically able to communicate these experiences is not necessarily a part of them, and in most cases any attempt
to do so results in the whole thing sounding nonsensical; which leads to one of the problems people find on attempting to
teach others which, wanting to share their bliss, they almost inevitably do. Great skill on the third circuit is also required
to convey the material in a way that it will be comprehensible to those who have not activated the fifth circuit. The progression
from the fourth circuit to the fifth circuit is often referred to as utilising the sexual energy to think with, and indeed
one is no longer troubled by the excessive drives of the fourth circuit, or the previous three. The problems of fourth circuit
guilt, third circuit perplexity, second circuit bullying and cowardice and first circuit body symptoms are wiped out by the
fifth circuit.
It is possible to tell if someone has successfully activated the fifth
circuit by whether they appear in glowing good health, and rarely have to visit a doctor. Most primitive tribes depend on
their ‘witch doctor’ or shaman; someone who is fifth circuit active and skilled in using these energies to heal
others. Those who have spontaneous openings of the fifth circuit have often had prolonged serious illnesses, have come close
to dying, or have had sudden, shocking brushes with death; resulting in one of the benefits of fifth circuit activation being
the complete loss of the fear of mortality (which is often described as immortality; this is then often mistranslated from
East to West as literal invincibility of the body or soul, which is not originally quite what was meant). One of the most
famous examples of this is the Russian author Dostoyevsky, who lived in the years of political turmoil coming up to the last
gasps of the Czars. Found to be involved in a plot to blow up the royal ruler of Russia, he was sentenced to death and got
as far as having the guns trained on him before a last-minute pardon (commuted to incarceration and hard labour in Siberia).
This experience activated his fifth circuit leading to a huge enhancement in his writing and universal fame both during and
after his lifetime. In the modern day, free fall can also induce fifth circuit activation so long as the recipient is ready.
Note however that circuit 5 can only be permanently activated by a great deal of time, practise and adeptship at the meditative
and martial disciplines, while those at a lower level must be sustained with glimpses. Fortunately, these are usually enough.
Circuit 6 is called the collective neurogenetic circuit or
morphogenetic circuit and hinges on the brain being able to interrogate the person’s own DNA. If evolution is
believed, then human DNA has come all the way from single celled organisms. It is not generally known that human DNA strands
are many hundreds of times longer than those of the simplest creatures, and the length of the strands and the number of the
chromosomes are in proportion to the size and complexity of the organism; also, at least 99% of this DNA is useless in humans
and is called ‘junk’ DNA. Conversely, the evolutionary divergences between humans and their closest neighbours
have been determined by finding how many genes differ; in humanity’s closest neighbour the number is one alone. As creatures
diverge further from humanity the numbers of genes differing still increase by only single figures, with all the rest of the
DNA remaining in common. It is not therefore too much of a stretch to conclude that the human genome still contains all the
genetic codes of all the creatures humanity has been since it crawled from the primordial soup, hidden in the junk DNA that
is never activated; and that therefore, the knowledge of the last four point five billion years is held in human body chemistry.
Those experiencing circuit 6 activation usually speak of memories
of past lives coming to the fore, or of speaking with angels. It is worth nothing though that this is only their own experience
which is coloured by their own beliefs and expectations, and possibly the abstract nature of communicating with DNA is such
that it has to be dressed in such apparel; the archetypes of the collective unconscious, the recurring characteristics of
myth and legend. It is not usually possible to deliberately activate circuit 6 other than through very prolonged practise
of the circuit 5 activation techniques, once already stable on the level of the fifth circuit. It is occasional accidental
flashes or indirect access that enable the experiences to be believed to be past life memories, angelic visions, contact with
universal archetypes, synchronicity of coincidence or reprisal of ancient mythic or legendary themes. Holding all this information
within it, it is possible to conceptualise the DNA macro-molecule as having its own intelligence and continuity of (un)consciousness
and experience, within which the life and death of individual organisms are merely minute waves on an endless sinusoidal graph.
Contact with this existence would be interpreted by each person according to their own beliefs and desires, leading to the
variety of accounts with a few common themes. By accessing this hidden knowledge that is billions of years old and making
sense of it with the lower circuits, the human can reap great benefits, however occasional they might be. Perhaps around 5%
of people are stable on the sixth circuit.
Circuit 7 is called the metaprogramming circuit or the neuroelectric
circuit and is associated with the mind being able to become aware of itself being made up of the first six circuits and
being able to step outside itself. It is known as the ‘no mind’ or mushin state in the meditative arts,
where the conditioned self is essentially lost and one realises that one is merely wearing an infinite sequence of masks,
playing an endless series of roles, or being manipulated by the drives of the lower circuits. It is the realisation that the
mind and its contents are functionally identical. Once the mind has stepped outside of itself and is aware of itself, it becomes
possible for the mind to reprogram itself. This can then be used to enhance one’s own abilities, bring back to
the surface long forgotten knowledge, or induce interesting new points of view. This circuit can be used to reprogram and
overrule all of the earlier circuits. It is possible to activate and program this circuit by visiting Da Mo’s cave in
the article of the same name above, then utilising a super computer created in the cave which has been conceived to be able
to do all of the above; or, one can use the methods of writing out sentences multiple times or turning sentences into abstract
shapes from the previous article on active mind power further up the page to attempt to achieve the same goals. Two things
are however important, particularly when starting off; the aspirant must have no doubts in their own mind at all when performing
the techniques, otherwise they are automatically sabotaged (think of it as the computer picking up your doubts and interpreting
them as a desire for failure) and concomitantly with this, the aspirant should start off very small as this circuit
is very easy to self-sabotage. (There are unlikely to be any ill effects, it just will not work but may damage confidence
for future attempts.) It is difficult to comprehend this circuit, as with all the higher ones, from a viewpoint that is much
further down the chain, but it does work so long as the caveats are observed. Approximately 3% have really mastered the seventh
circuit.
Circuit 8 is called the non local quantum circuit, the psycho
atomic circuit, the neuro atomic circuit or the metaphysiological circuit. It is associated
with experiences whereby the consciousness seems to step outside of the body and central nervous system entirely, access information
and knowledge at a distance such as is associated with ESP, or even create effects at these distances. This has been fairly
well documented, with considerable research being done in the West on those who have had this experience while close to death,
and into psionics in the East by the old Soviet empire. It is actually mathematically proven to be possible by a quantum mechanical
formula called Bell’s Theorem. This holds that every particle in the universe is in instantaneous communication with
every other particle; that the whole makes up one single system. Bell’s Theorem cannot be mathematically disproven and
therefore must be true; experiments involving it have been replicated successfully several times. However, in order for Bell’s
Theorem to accord with Special Relativity, which also cannot be disproven and has considerable experimental support, what
is transmitted instantaneously cannot be energy (which, as mass-energy, is bound by Special Relativity to be incapable of
exceeding the speed of light) but can instead be consciousness or information; neither of which might necessarily need energy
or mass. Perhaps only 2% of people, if that, are stable and active on the eighth circuit with goals and thoughts entirely
beyond those of the rest of us.
Those who set out on the path of physical, mental and spiritual self
improvement rarely realise where it will take them, or have the same goals at the middle of the road as when they started;
however, to those struggling with the most basic of forms, katas or mind-quieting techniques at the start of their journey
it can be reassuring to know it is possible to go anywhere at all. To those at the beginning of the path the advanced keys
of mind power or the higher circuits of human consciousness can seem attainments that are impossibly far off, and yet the
mind does not want to stop when it has started on the route and will likely continue on despite all the doubts and fears of
the student. (Which does not mean they can just give up practising). The road can seem difficult, troubling, disturbing and
dangerous and can have many pitfalls, particularly if the student lacks access to one who has gone before (the exact translation
of ‘sensei’ in Japanese tradition) but in all cases it is possible to come through the fire or darkness, and realise
as one great practitioner said that every man and woman is a star, and as another great explorer said, when the doors of perception
are cleansed, all will appear as it truly is, infinite.
The ancient Greeks used to play with
the notion of destiny and incorporate it into their myths and live theatrical performances. Players of modern console games
where one hero and one hero alone is the Chosen One, only they can rescue cities locked in eternal winter, etc. and so on
and so forth will no doubt be familiar enough with the concept; familiar enough indeed to be amused by the post modern irony
of a trio of goblins running out to sing It’s Bad Luck To Be You whenever
a Chosen One dies. The Greek notion of destiny evolved somewhat from the primitive hero myth to get to the point where someone’s
destiny (usually unpleasant) would eventually come upon them no matter what they did to escape it; the classic example being
Oedipus, who ended up slaying his father and marrying his mother despite his best efforts to avoid this.
The notion of destiny can however
be considered for when one sees another who has risen to the top of their chosen profession (in the field of martial arts,
this would be the master or organisation director) one should ask themselves what led that person to climb so high. Did they
set out to become a master from the beginning, and if so, what enabled them to successfully complete such a long and difficult
journey; or did they have no intention of having anything other than a hobby and just happened to be a victim of a series
of accidents (as are we all) leading them to become the master almost by accident, like Severian in Gene Wolfe’s superlative
Book of the New Sun. Or was it always in their character, something driving them
on from within that would never sleep, that led them forever forward such that they would always rise to the top of whatever
profession in which they found themselves?
Or was there something in their future...
a barely perceptible, gigantic, shadowy spectre outlined against the blackened and stormy sky... waiting for them to become
it?
In any case not many people start
going to martial arts classes with the intention of becoming a master, though some who’ve grown up on a steady diet
of Arnold Schwarzenegger movies and ninja-themed computer games might. There are those who come to classes simply because
they are lonely, want to call attention to themselves by continually moaning that they can’t do it, or want to externalise
the problems in their personal lives to a sympathetic ear who happened to be delegated to teaching them form that evening. These legions had no real interest in learning martial arts to begin with. There are
those whose intentions are sincere but who only study one night a week; this suits their needs but, needless to say, they
rarely rise to the rank of senior instructor or master.
Those that do rise further, whether
or not they wanted or needed to at the beginning or indeed at any point, will find that increasing quantities of time are
required and choices come into play about how their training time will be spent. In general they will indeed have to go beyond
standing in the beginner’s row one night a week and start seeking out more abilities and knowledge. In general this
will require involving oneself with an organisation, for while it is possible to become deadly beyond belief having nothing
but one on one instruction and practising entirely on one’s own, the skills of teaching and leadership are generally
those that can be learned only with practice. Often, one or more organisations must be joined and they must be progressed
through, and those who want to put a lot of time in will either have to find one that has a lot of classes or find a fair
few organisations.
There are those students who never
study with anything other than one martial arts organisation. Often (except for those with strong, individualistic or extravert
personalities to begin with who soon find themselves rising to the top, like the cream) this leads to a collection of shy,
diffident flannels with identical, clone personalities; much less interesting, if that were possible, than the proto-stormtroopers
who were grown in a vat of the barely-trying cash-in Star Wars prequel trilogy.
Even if students are not so cowed by the culture as to become stuttering sheep and extraversion and ebullience are instead
hallmarks of the prevailing social tone, those who get to any position of authority will soon start to seem as if they are
copying the personality of the chief instructor.
Conversely, those who study with many
organisations or who travel from one to another will find that due to all the cross training and contradictory forms, their
progress is slow. The counter argument is that they gain a broader base of knowledge, can make up their own minds and perhaps
most importantly, can form their own character.
Of those that have gotten this far
through this text, or have in their own martial arts career sufficient interest and opinion regarding the field to make their
quest for knowledge and skill a significant part of their lives, it might be said that they are looking for something. This
may not even be known consciously to themselves but will be pointed out to them by a succession of instructors, some positively,
some very negatively indeed. A few heads of school will even go so far as to browbeat and drive away those seekers after truth
who turn up in their classes and are deemed to be travelling around ‘looking for something’. On hearing the phrase
‘They’d think I’d be talking about them, and they’d be right’ one might be inclined to question
the teaching methods at least, even before getting to the idea of whether one might find better treatment elsewhere.
The reader may have previously come
across the fire and water paths, the left- and right-hand paths, and the character classes of Guardian, Sentinel and Consular;
perhaps from previous articles in this series, perhaps from other sources, or perhaps even from Knights of the Old Republic. These paths can be considered with reference to their preferences in their own practice.
The reader might however also be interested to consider another axis of two other slightly more abstract concepts which can
yet be observed in the natural world and the laws of science and physics; law and
chaos. Law and Chaos apply less to an own individual’s training regime than
to the culture of an organisation as a whole. Lawful systems are those that the general public might consider typical martial
arts groups; ones with belts, ranks, uniforms, gradings, extensive syllabi and an elaborate system of commanders and subordinates.
These are most likely to be find in martial arts stemming from the Buddhist Shaolin tradition, with the heavy influence of
Confucianism. Chaotic systems will be the opposite; no uniforms, no belts, and often (like Apocalypse Now or Starcraft) little indication of who is in charge
at any time save that the group will almost always defer to and be led by the individual with the most knowledge and experience;
and perhaps less fortunately, the one with the greatest force of personality. While Chaotic systems may be found in organisations
practising the Taoist Wudang arts, such groups are just as likely to adopt all the trappings of the Confucian milieu, maybe
only for the purposes of administration and marketing.
Students will usually gravitate to
Lawful and Chaotic systems depending on their personalities; many want to belong by wearing the uniforms and the belts and
deferring to a clear authority, while others will concur with Nietzsche and detest uniforms and their concordant trappings
with a passion. However, the system will inevitably affect their advancement. In the Lawful systems it is abundantly clear,
and often spelled out on the internet, exactly what must be done to achieve each rank. In the Chaotic systems there is often
no consistent means of achieving promotion at all and it is entirely down to the whim of the master. Both systems have the
potential to induce deep and abiding frustration in the seeker after truth, especially the driven or ambitious; eventually,
perhaps, leading them into the wild multiclassing whereby martial arts takes over their life (conversely such a person may
wonder what others, who seem to have little but nine-to-five, holidays and TV, want to get from their lives) but, ironically,
their progress is slower with the addition of each conflicting form.
What is, then, ultimately to be gained
here? At one extreme there might be those who hoped to gain power, destroy their enemies, revenge themselves on those who
bullied them at school and at last attain the fury and might of the legendary Masters Therion and Stochastikos themselves.
At the other extreme there might be those who hoped to learn a happy little dance to fill themselves with peace and love as
a vehicle to a damp and cuddly enlightenment. Both are likely to find that the reality of the journey, with its hard work
and years of discipline, has little resemblance to their fantastic dreams.
The reader is left at
the end with one final axis yet to consider... Ultimately the student may be faced with the option of whether, to advance
further, they allow themselves to be stripped of all their achievements and themselves as well to become once again a babe;
whether they actively seek to lose themselves all together; whether, when encountering anything outside of themselves, they
attempt to engage with it, take on its existence as far as possible and understand how things might be from its point of view;
or whether they cling to their own personality against all possible influences from the external world to make themselves
stronger and stronger as themselves alone. However, one question they may find themselves asked is whether they pursue their
training and their techniques for other people or for themselves alone. Along with the certainties of death and taxes, another certainty of life is choice.
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